@article {pmid42507243,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, J and Li, W and Lan, W and Ye, L and Gao, B},
title = {Comparison of Laser and Conventional Root Canal Disinfection Protocols in an dual-biofilm in-vitro model.},
journal = {Lasers in medical science},
volume = {41},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42507243},
issn = {1435-604X},
support = {2023NSFSC0575//Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Support Program/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/radiation effects ; Enterococcus faecalis/radiation effects ; *Lasers, Solid-State/therapeutic use ; *Disinfection/methods ; Candida albicans/radiation effects ; *Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology/radiation effects ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Photochemotherapy/methods ; Periapical Periodontitis/microbiology/therapy ; Root Canal Irrigants ; Root Canal Preparation/methods ; },
abstract = {To compare the effect of laser and other four traditional root canal disinfection methods on the removal of microorganisms in the root canal of refractory periapical periodontitis. 155 single-canal premolars were made into 13 mm long standard roots, infected with E. faecalis and C. albicans, randomly divided into five groups, and treated with A: lateral syringe irrigation group; B: ultrasonic irrigation group; C: sonic irrigation group; D: Er∶ YAG laser in SWEEPS mode group; E: photodynamic therapy group for root canal irrigation. Root canal samples were collected with 25# K files before and after irrigation. The irrigation effectiveness was quantitatively analyzed by flat colony counting method and observed by scanning electron microscope and confocal laser scanning electron microscope. The Er∶ YAG laser group had the highest clearance efficiency for E. faecalis (P < 0.05), and the ultrasonic irrigation effect was lower than that of Er∶ YAG laser (P < 0.05), while there was no difference between that of sonic irrigation group, photodynamic therapy group and lateral syringe irrigation group (P > 0.05). These five methods were all able to clear C. albicans well without significant difference (P > 0.05). SEM and confocal laser SEM showed that Er∶ YAG laser groups were more effective at removing smear layers and total bacteria. The performance of Er∶ YAG laser eliminating E. faecalis and C. albicans and the smear layer was found superior in the root canal of refractory apical periodontitis. It is recommended to employ Er∶ YAG laser for subsequent root canal decontamination following root canal preparation. Clinical trial number: Not applicable.},
}

Humans
*Biofilms/radiation effects
Enterococcus faecalis/radiation effects
*Lasers, Solid-State/therapeutic use
*Disinfection/methods
Candida albicans/radiation effects
*Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology/radiation effects
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Photochemotherapy/methods
Periapical Periodontitis/microbiology/therapy
Root Canal Irrigants
Root Canal Preparation/methods

@article {pmid42508658,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, H and Luo, W and Wu, T and An, Z and Xu, J and Shan, W and Li, D},
title = {Exogenous phytohormone-assisted rotating algal biofilm reactor for enhanced polyacrylamide wastewater treatment and bioresource recovery.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {135512},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135512},
pmid = {42508658},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a refractory pollutant with a stable molecular structure and low bioavailability, which severely limits the efficiency of conventional biological treatment processes. This study established a rotating algal biofilm (RAB) system for PAM-laden wastewater treatment and investigated the regulatory effects of exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and salicylic acid (SA) on treatment performance, carbon metabolism, and microbial communities. Single-dose tests identified 15 mg L[-1] IAA and 3 mg L[-1] SA as the optimal concentrations under laboratory conditions. The combined IAA + SA treatment outperformed single-hormone and control groups, achieving higher PAM and total organic carbon removal efficiencies, accelerated inorganic carbon turnover, and significantly improved biofilm biomass, chlorophyll-a content, and intracellular lipid accumulation. This approach achieved synchronous wastewater treatment and biomass enrichment within the experimental cycle, and lipid-rich biofilms have potential for subsequent resource utilization. Specifically, IAA promoted the enrichment of typical heterotrophic genera including Persicitalea, Arenimonas and Lewinella, which were positively correlated with PAM removal. Meanwhile, SA facilitated photoautotrophic growth to maintain metabolic stability. Combined phytohormone regulation reshaped prokaryotic and eukaryotic community structures, balanced trophic relationships, and supported PAM transformation and carbon metabolic coupling during operation. Overall, this strategy optimized carbon metabolic patterns and microbial assembly, and simultaneously enhanced pollutant removal and high-value biomass accumulation at the laboratory scale. The findings provide a theoretical reference for PAM wastewater bioremediation and biomass resource recovery in phototrophic biofilm systems.},
}

@article {pmid42508701,
year = {2026},
author = {Pinheiro, DRS and Barbosa, SA and de Oliveira, LC and de Farias Cabral, VP and Rodrigues, DS and da Costa, ÉRM and Silveira, MJCB and Gomes, LEAM and Cavalcanti, BC and Magalhães, IL and Dos Santos, CAL and de Oliveira Ferreira, JR and de Moares Filho, MO and de Andrade Neto, JB and do Amaral Valente Sá, LG and da Silva, CR and Júnior, HVN},
title = {Antifungal and anti-biofilm activity of doxepin against Candida spp. mediated by oxidative stress and modulation of adhesion-related genes.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {219},
number = {},
pages = {108735},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108735},
pmid = {42508701},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Candida species are associated with invasive infections characterized by causing high rates of mortality and morbidity, particularly when linked to biofilm formation. The present study investigated the in vitro antifungal activity of doxepin (DOX) against fluconazole-resistant strains of Candida spp., including 10 clinical isolates, 2 ATCC strains and 1 CDC strain. Antifungal susceptibility assays were performed on planktonic cells and biofilms, followed by cytometric analyses, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial depolarization, phosphatidylserine externalization, and cell viability. Molecular analyses involved docking and gene expression by qRT-PCR. DOX exhibited fungicidal activity against all strains, with MIC50 values ranging from 64 to 256 μg/mL, as well as significant reduction of biofilm formation. In combination with amphotericin B, a predominantly synergistic effect was observed, with increased efficacy at lower concentrations. Mechanistically, DOX induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis, reducing fungal viability. The in silico ADME profile showed high gastrointestinal absorption, indicating potential for oral bioavailability, compatible with systemic use. Furthermore, it established stable interactions with the Als3 and Sap5 proteins, also promoting changes in the expression of virulence-related genes, such as als3, sap5, ece1, and hwp1. These findings indicate that DOX exhibits promising antifungal activity for the treatment of Candida infections, particularly highlighting its potential against biofilms.},
}

@article {pmid42508702,
year = {2026},
author = {Xu, KZ and Yin, LJ and Ding, ZW and Wang, M and Meng, D},
title = {Transcriptomic Insights into Casein-Driven Adaptive Evolution of Burkholderia thailandensis: Implications for Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Susceptibility.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {108733},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108733},
pmid = {42508702},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {How nutrient stress shapes bacterial evolution and the associated fitness trade-offs remains a central question in microbiology. Using Burkholderia thailandensis as a surrogate for the pathogen B. pseudomallei, we performed adaptive laboratory evolution with casein as the sole carbon source. Over 30 days of serial passaging, the population shifted towards protease deficiency, with mutants constituting 54.94% by the endpoint. These evolved strains exhibited pleiotropic virulence attenuation-including reduced rhamnolipid production, motility, auto-aggregation, and biofilm formation-alongside increased susceptibility to imipenem and chloramphenicol. RNA-seq analysis of evolved strain E3101 revealed 2,836 differentially expressed genes, with significant downregulation of quorum sensing (AHL synthesis), rhamnosyltransferases, flagellar assembly, and biofilm regulatory pathways. Our findings demonstrate that casein-driven evolution selects for social 'cheaters' that conserve energy by downregulating costly virulence determinants, revealing a fundamental virulence-fitness trade-off. The coordinated transcriptional repression of biofilm and antibiotic resistance pathways provides a mechanistic framework for understanding bacterial adaptation strategies and potential therapeutic vulnerabilities in Burkholderia.},
}

@article {pmid42511590,
year = {2026},
author = {Tankiewicz, M and Niciejewski, K and Dydecka, A and Topka-Bielecka, G},
title = {The Fruit Biome: Biofilm Dynamics and Consumer Health Risks with Focus on the Apple (Malus domestica) as a Model System.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {27},
number = {14},
pages = {},
pmid = {42511590},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {01-30026/0010494/01/322/322/0/2026//Ministry of Science and Higher Education/ ; },
abstract = {Fruit surfaces serve as ecological interfaces that support diverse microbial communities, where biofilm formation by spoilage organisms and human pathogens contributes to postharvest safety concerns. Although fruit-associated microbiota and chemical residues have been widely investigated, the interactions between surface microstructure, residue dynamics, and microbial persistence remain insufficiently integrated. This review synthesizes current knowledge by considering three key processes: temporal succession of microbial communities, structural vulnerability of the fruit surface, and chemically mediated selective pressures. Using apple (Malus domestica) as a model system, we examine how structural features such as lenticels and cuticular microdamage interact with pesticide residues to facilitate microbial retention, sequestration, and internalization. Evidence indicates that pesticide residues may act as selective stressors and, in some cases, potential metabolic substrates, thereby enhancing microbial persistence and tolerance to sanitization. These combined factors contribute to the formation of a high-persistence surface environment. Integrating microbiological, chemical, and plant structural perspectives, this review provides a mechanistic basis for the limited effectiveness of conventional decontamination approaches and highlights the need for multidisciplinary postharvest strategies to improve produce safety and shelf life.},
}

@article {pmid42511734,
year = {2026},
author = {Yuantrakul, S and Yinsai, O and Chaiwarit, T and Srisithan, P and Zhou, W and Ruenjai, K and Khamnoi, P and Duangsonk, K},
title = {Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Clinical Elizabethkingia Isolates and Evaluation of the Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Dialdehyde Cellulose.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {27},
number = {14},
pages = {},
pmid = {42511734},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {103-69//Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University/ ; },
abstract = {Elizabethkingia species have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens associated with multidrug resistance and persistent infections. This study aimed to characterize clinical Elizabethkingia isolates from Northern Thailand regarding antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence-associated phenotypes, and biofilm formation, and to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) film. A total of 49 clinical isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, with species identification confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined against 12 agents. Virulence traits (protease, lipase, lecithinase, and hemolysin production) and biofilm formation were assessed using standard phenotypic assays. DAC films were evaluated against selected resistant isolates. Elizabethkingia anophelis predominated, and most isolates exhibited multidrug or extensive drug resistance, with high resistance to carbapenems and cephalosporins. Piperacillin-tazobactam, levofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole showed the greatest activity. All isolates demonstrated protease production and time-dependent hemolysis, while lipase and lecithinase activities were absent. Biofilm formation varied among isolates, while DAC films inhibited bacterial growth and prevented detectable biofilm formation in the tested isolates. No significant difference was observed between DAC and DAC supplemented with meropenem in inhibition zone diameters (p = 0.555). Clinical Elizabethkingia isolates demonstrated extensive antimicrobial resistance with conserved virulence traits and heterogeneous biofilm formation. DAC films demonstrated antimicrobial activity and prevented detectable biofilm formation under the experimental conditions. Further studies are warranted to evaluate their mechanism of action and potential applications.},
}

@article {pmid42513106,
year = {2026},
author = {Maliszewska, I and Nowinski, D and Baturo-Cieśniewska, A},
title = {Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Treatment of Alternaria and Fusarium Species: Impact on Fungal Physiology, Antifungal Sensitivity, and Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {31},
number = {14},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/molecules31142422},
pmid = {42513106},
issn = {1420-3049},
abstract = {This study investigated the effects of repeated dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma applications on the morphological and physiological characteristics of pathogenic Alternaria and Fusarium species. Fungi, including both culture collection strains and environmental isolates, were exposed to sublethal doses of DBD plasma. The results demonstrated that the plasma exposure time required to achieve 90% cell mortality varied significantly among microorganisms, ranging from 2 min and 39 s for Fusarium culmorum DSM 1094 to 5 min and 19 s for Alternaria alternata DSM 62010. Tolerance to oxidative stress, assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of hydrogen peroxide, generally decreased following repeated plasma exposure. Notably, F. tricinctum Ft11S-23 exhibited increased resistance to hydrogen peroxide, with MIC values doubling after fifteen plasma treatments. The MFC also increased significantly, rising from 25.5 mM to 102.0 mM. Furthermore, repeated DBD plasma applications resulted in reduced tolerance of fungi to at least one of the tested fungicides; however, exceptions were observed, including increased tolerance of F. culmorum to specific fungicides. The capacity for biofilm formation was modulated by plasma treatment, with some species exhibiting reduced biofilm formation while others demonstrated increased capacity, depending on the specific pathogen and frequency of plasma exposure.},
}

@article {pmid42513920,
year = {2026},
author = {Alba-Cuevas, JE and Villa-Cruz, V and Ladrón de Guevara, HP and Zelaya-Molina, LX and Gómez-Velázquez, HD},
title = {Biofilm Characterization by AFM and SEM and Growth Kinetics of Geobacter sulfurreducens in Regional Cheese Whey.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {14},
number = {7},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14071414},
pmid = {42513920},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {1002206//SECIHTI/ ; },
abstract = {Geobacter sulfurreducens is a model bacterium widely used in microbial fuel cell (MFC) research due to its efficient extracellular electron transfer. However, the high cost of synthetic media limits the scalability of these systems, making agro-industrial byproducts like cheese whey a sustainable alternative. This study evaluated cheese whey as a growth medium for G. sulfurreducens and its influence on biofilm development on graphite bars electrodes. Bacterial growth kinetics and biofilm architecture were characterized using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) as the primary quantitative tool, supplemented by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Growth curves revealed a diauxic-like transition within the first 48 h, with high cell viability (94%). AFM analysis demonstrated a non-linear topographical evolution: an initial attachment phase was followed by a peak in structural heterogeneity at 14 days (Sq = 683.08 nm), eventually reaching a mature, confluent state at 21 days with a maximum thickness of ~8 μm. Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed an organic and mineral matrix consistent with bacterial biomass and whey components. These results demonstrate that cheese whey effectively supports the growth of G. sulfurreducens and the formation of structurally complex biofilms, highlighting its potential as a low-cost substrate for microbial cultivation and dairy waste valorization.},
}

@article {pmid42513934,
year = {2026},
author = {Cosimato, I and Di Siervi, G and De Prisco, M and Dell'Annunziata, F and Capuano, N and Cafà, N and Barbato, A and Sammartino, JC and Salzano, F and Pagliano, P and Boccia, G and De Caro, F and Rescigno, G and Franci, G},
title = {Investigation of Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Isolated from Hospital Medical Devices.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {14},
number = {7},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14071429},
pmid = {42513934},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Background: Medical device-associated infections represent a major component of healthcare-associated infections. Biofilm formation promotes microbial persistence on device surfaces, reduces antimicrobial susceptibility, and contributes to multidrug resistance (MDR), complicating diagnosis and treatment. Materials and Method: This study investigated biofilm production and antimicrobial resistance in microorganisms recovered from 100 indwelling and implantable medical devices, including urinary and venous catheters, urethral stents, catheter tips, and orthopedic or prosthetic materials, collected at a tertiary-care hospital (AOU "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy). Microbiological cultures were performed using direct and enrichment methods. Microbial identification was carried out by MALDI-TOF MS, antimicrobial susceptibility testing by VITEK[®] (bioMérieux, Marcy-l'Étoile, France) 2 according to EUCAST criteria, and biofilm production was assessed using the crystal violet tissue culture plate assay. MDR status was defined according to international guidelines. Results: Microbial growth was detected in the majority of analized devices, frequently with polymicrobial contamination. Within the study cohort, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were the most frequently recovered microorganisms (20%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (10%), Candida albicans (9%), Staphylococcus aureus (9%), Enterococcus faecalis (8%), and Escherichia coli (8%). A significant association was observed between multidrug resistance and biofilm production, with MDR isolates showing a markedly higher likelihood of being biofilm producers compared with non-MDR isolates (OR 9.50; 95% CI 2.72-42.96; p < 0.005). Biofilm formation also differed significantly among device types (p = 0.028). Conclusions: These findings indicate a high prevalence of biofilm-producing MDR microorganisms among isolated recovered from medical devices in our cohort and highlight a significant association between MDR phenotype and biofilm production. These results provide a microbiological characterization of device-associated isolates that may support future studies on infection dynamics and control strategies.},
}

@article {pmid42513941,
year = {2026},
author = {Aworh, MK and Reggans, CW and Sellars, MS and Deutschlander, JC and Taylor, IJ and Struble, DG and Edwards, KL and Harden, L and Locklear, R and Delaney Nguyen, K},
title = {Interconnected Reservoirs: Virulence & Biofilm Traits of ESBL-Klebsiella pneumoniae in Municipal Wastewater & Agricultural Systems.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {14},
number = {7},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14071435},
pmid = {42513941},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {DBFS Research Seed Award//Fayetteville State University/ ; },
abstract = {Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KP) is an important antimicrobial-resistant pathogen, and wastewater may serve as a reservoir for its persistence and dissemination. This study investigated the virulence-associated genes, biofilm-forming capacity and genomic relatedness of ESBL-KP isolates recovered from wastewater and livestock farm environments in southeastern North Carolina. A cross-sectional study was conducted between May and September 2025 at two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and two livestock farms. ESBL-KP isolates recovered from wastewater, animal feces, and water samples were characterized using PCR, whole-genome sequencing and crystal violet biofilm assays. Genomic relatedness was assessed using phylogenomic analysis. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Fisher's exact test. ESBL-KP was detected in 15.4% (n = 69/449) of samples, with the highest prevalence observed in WWTPs (75.4%, n = 52) followed by poultry farms (21.7%, n = 15). The most frequent virulence genes were mrkD (30/69), entB (26/69), K2 (21/69), and rmpA (21/69). Significant variation in gene distribution by sample type was observed for mrkD (p = 0.0013) and entB (p = 0.0011). Biofilm formation varied by sample type, with strong biofilm predominating in influent (n = 20) and sludge (n = 8), although no significant differences were detected across sample types (p = 0.357). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that one poultry farm isolate was clonally related to wastewater isolates, differing by 1-3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and sharing the virulence genes mrkA, iutA, and fimH. Overall, environmental ESBL-KP isolates exhibited widespread virulence potential and robust biofilm-forming capacity, while phylogenetic evidence demonstrated clonal relatedness between poultry farm and wastewater isolates and sharing mrkA, iutA, and fimH virulence genes. These findings highlight wastewater and agricultural systems as genetically related reservoirs for clinically relevant ESBL-KP strains and underscore the need for strengthened One Health-based surveillance to monitor and mitigate their environmental dissemination.},
}

@article {pmid42513977,
year = {2026},
author = {Di Bonaventura, G and Gherardi, G and Barchitta, M and Agodi, A and Pompilio, A},
title = {Enhanced Biofilm Formation by ICU-Associated Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Isolates: A Potential Contributor to Persistence and Clonal Dissemination.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {14},
number = {7},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14071471},
pmid = {42513977},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen in intensive care units (ICUs) and cystic fibrosis (CF), where biofilm formation may favor persistence, device-associated colonization/infection, and clonal dissemination. This study compared biofilm formation, clonal relatedness, biofilm phenotypes, and motility in 37 ICU-associated and 42 CF-associated S. maltophilia isolates. Biofilm formation on polystyrene was quantified by crystal violet assay and expressed both as absolute biomass and as a growth-normalized Biofilm Index, calculated to account for differences in planktonic growth. Genetic diversity was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, while swimming and twitching motility were evaluated using agar-based assays. ICU isolates showed a higher prevalence of biofilm formation, greater biofilm biomass, and higher growth-normalized Biofilm Index values than CF isolates. They also displayed lower genetic diversity and more frequent cross-transmission, supporting the circulation of selected hospital-associated lineages. Conversely, CF isolates showed greater heterogeneity and a more complex biofilm pattern, consistent with adaptation to a distinct chronic airway environment. Motility was not associated with biofilm formation, suggesting that the enhanced biofilm phenotype of ICU isolates is not explained by swimming or twitching alone. Overall, these findings support a setting-specific model in which enhanced biofilm-forming capacity may contribute to S. maltophilia ICU persistence and clonal dissemination, highlighting the need for targeted surveillance and careful device management.},
}

@article {pmid42514088,
year = {2026},
author = {Shrestha, A and Shringi, S and Awosile, B and Shah, DH},
title = {Prevalence of Biofilm-Forming Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Across the Farm-to-Fork Continuum: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {14},
number = {7},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14071584},
pmid = {42514088},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {NA//Texas Tech University School of Veterinary Medicine/ ; },
abstract = {Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) remains a major cause of foodborne illness worldwide, and its persistence along the food-production continuum poses a significant public health challenge. Biofilm formation is an adaptive mechanism that enhances NTS survival and persistence outside the primary animal reservoir, particularly under extra-host stress conditions in food and environmental settings. We hypothesized that true biofilm-positive NTS are less prevalent in animal reservoirs and relatively enriched in food-, environmental-, and human-associated sources along the farm-to-fork continuum, reflecting their increased likelihood of persisting in foods and contributing to human exposure. Systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines, identifying 88 eligible studies; 57 qualified for systematic review, and 47 and 35 qualified for source- and serogroup-based meta-analyses, respectively. Descriptive synthesis revealed substantial biological and methodological heterogeneity across studies. Proportion-based analysis showed that true biofilm-positive (TBP) prevalence was lowest among animal isolates (58.4%), increased in food (67.7%) and human isolates (73.1%), and was highest among environmental isolates (88.1%) (χ[2] test, p < 0.001). In the source-based meta-analysis, the pooled TBP prevalence was 73.9% (95% CI: 58.4-85.06%). Meta-regression demonstrated that the predicted proportion of TBP NTS among food and human sources was significantly higher compared with the animal reservoir (food: p = 0.0002; human: p = 0.0005), whereas the difference between the environmental and animal reservoirs was not statistically significant (p = 0.075). These findings suggest that biofilm-forming NTS are enriched outside the primary animal reservoir under extra-host stress conditions. The results raise testable hypotheses regarding biofilm-mediated persistence and enrichment across the food-production continuum and support future longitudinal studies to evaluate its role in transmission and targeted sanitation strategies.},
}

@article {pmid42516389,
year = {2026},
author = {Deng, X and Zhang, L and Li, J and Yang, F and Peng, C and Peng, J and Yu, Y and Huang, X and Yang, X and Yang, L},
title = {Berberine alleviates biofilm-associated immune-inflammatory injury in Staphylococcus aureus-induced osteomyelitis: insights from network pharmacology and experimental validation.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1878634},
pmid = {42516389},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus (SA)-induced osteomyelitis (OM) is a common orthopedic infection characterized by biofilm formation and persistent inflammation. Berberine (BBR), a natural isoquinoline alkaloid, exhibits antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its therapeutic potential in OM and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of BBR against SA-induced OM and explored potential mechanisms through network pharmacology and validation.

METHODS: An in vitro SA biofilm model was established to assess the effects of BBR on bacterial survival and mature biofilm structure using colony-forming unit (CFU) counting, light microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). A mouse model of SA-induced OM was established. A clindamycin (CLD)-treated group was included in vivo as a positive antibiotic comparator to benchmark the antibacterial efficacy of BBR and assess the limitations of this compound. Biofilm formation on implants was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Serum inflammatory mediators were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and histopathological changes in peri-implant bone were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were performed to identify targets and pathways, and key proteins were validated by Western blotting.

RESULTS: BBR significantly reduced bacterial viability within biofilms and decreased CFU counts in vitro. Microscopic observations showed disrupted biofilm architecture and reduced biofilm coverage after treatment. In vivo, compared with the untreated OM group, CLD produced a more pronounced reduction in bacterial load than BBR. BBR significantly alleviated bone destruction, reduced implant-associated biofilm formation, decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, and improved tissue morphology. ELISA results showed that BBR markedly reduced pro-inflammatory mediator levels. Network pharmacology identified prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) as a key target and implicated the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway. Molecular docking indicated favorable binding between BBR and PTGS2. Western blotting showed that BBR downregulated PTGS2 and HIF-1α expression in infected tissues.

CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that BBR exerts protective effects against SA-induced OM through antibiofilm and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its antibacterial efficacy was weaker than that of CLD, indicating that BBR should not be regarded as a replacement for antibiotics but rather as an adjunctive therapy for biofilm-associated osteomyelitis.},
}

@article {pmid42516399,
year = {2026},
author = {Davies, E and Drauch, V and Alitabar, M and Fesina, D and Großpointner, L and Hess, C and Martelli, F},
title = {Influence of the Salmonella Infantis pESI plasmid on disinfectant efficacy when in biofilm.},
journal = {Access microbiology},
volume = {8},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {42516399},
issn = {2516-8290},
abstract = {Salmonella Infantis strains harbouring multi-drug resistance to high-priority critically important antimicrobials have been isolated globally, giving cause for concern. The serovar is highly persistent throughout the poultry industry and is the fourth most reported serovar linked to zoonotic disease. The serovar's resistance is attributed to the presence of a megaplasmid termed pESI. Biocides are an important tool to reduce the need to use antimicrobials, including antibiotics. Bacteria can produce a protective exopolysaccharide matrix called biofilm, and biofilm presence can reduce the efficacy of disinfectants. Here, we aimed to assess the role of pESI on disinfectant efficacy and biofilm formation and a contributing factor in serovar persistence. We analysed S. Infantis strains isolated within the UK and Austria, using in vitro planktonic and biofilm disinfectant efficacy assays. Commercially available, commonly used peroxymonosulphate, chlorocresol and aldehyde-quaternary ammonium compound-based UK poultry disinfectants were assessed. Biofilm formation was evaluated after 72- and 120-h incubation and on a variety of surfaces. Comparative genomic analysis was performed between the UK and Austrian isolates, as well as further globally isolated strains. We identified variation in the presence/absence of antimicrobial resistance genes in both the whole-genome and plasmid sequences, within and between the UK and Austrian strains. Variation in biofilm formation was observed between strains, with greater biofilm formation on non-porous surfaces. Despite this, we could not demonstrate an influence of the pESI plasmid on biofilm formation. Additionally, the presence or absence of the plasmid, or variation observed within the plasmid, did not seem to influence planktonic nor biofilm disinfectant tolerance. Further investigation should be undertaken to identify the influence of pESI on the persistence of S. Infantis and to ensure effective prevention and control of the spread of the serovar and the plasmid.},
}

@article {pmid42518061,
year = {2026},
author = {Daghrery, A and Lunkad, H and Al Moaleem, M and Alhazmi, AA and Dallak, OE and Lam, WYH and Homeida, HE},
title = {Surface topography, optical properties, and biofilm adhesion of additive and subtractive-manufactured ceramic reinforced hybrid composite: an in-vitro study.},
journal = {Odontology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42518061},
issn = {1618-1255},
abstract = {This in vitro study aimed to assess the influence of manufacturing techniques (additive vs. subtractive) and surface finishing (glazing vs. polishing) on the average surface roughness (Ra), optical properties as mean color change (ΔEab), translucency parameter (TP) and opalescence parameter (OP), and microbial adhesion as colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) of ceramic-reinforced composite veneers subjected to toothbrush simulation and coffee immersion. Eighty veneers were fabricated (n = 40 per manufacturing method) and assigned to four groups (n = 20): printed-glazed, printed-polished, milled-glazed, and milled-polished groups. All specimens underwent a combined protocol of thermal cycling in coffee and simulated tooth brushing. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the morphological characteristics of the groups. Ra was measured via contact profilometry. ΔEab was assessed via spectrophotometry. The bacterial adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans was quantified as CFU/mL. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA and repeated ANOVA with p ˃ 0.05 were considered as significant differences. Spearmen correlation analysis was performed to check the association between the groups. Additively manufactured glazed specimens demonstrated the greatest color change (ΔEab = 2.45 ± 1.69) and average surface roughness increase (Ra = 0.371 ± 0.04 μm) following aging, while milled-polished specimens showed superior surface stability. Translucency decreased significantly in milled-polished groups (ΔTP = - 10.35 ± 4.80). Milled-polished surfaces exhibited the highest bacterial adhesion (980.80 ± 401.37 CFU/mL), whereas additively manufactured glazed surfaces demonstrated the lowest microbial colonization (679.78 ± 448.00 CFU/mL). The p-value was ˃ 0.05 for both manufacturing technology and surface condition treatments. Manufacturing technique and surface finishing significantly influenced optical stability and microbial adhesion of resin-ceramic hybrid veneers. Milled-polished specimens showed superior surface stability, whereas additively manufactured glazed surfaces demonstrated favorable microbial resistance. Clinicians should consider both fabrication method and finishing protocol when optimizing long-term esthetic and biological performance of veneer restorations.},
}

@article {pmid42518391,
year = {2026},
author = {Montoya, C and Chang, RY and Dikin, DA and Sousanieh, M and Xiang, Z and Liu, Y and Puri, S and Orrego, S},
title = {Cyclic Mechanical Deformation of Denture PMMA Regulates Fungal Biofilm Virulence.},
journal = {ACS omega},
volume = {11},
number = {27},
pages = {39877-39890},
doi = {10.1021/acsomega.6c00878},
pmid = {42518391},
issn = {2470-1343},
abstract = {Cyclic mechanical deformation is a well-characterized phenomenon in polymeric biomaterials under physiological mastication loading, yet its role in regulating biological responses at material interfaces remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate whether cyclic mechanical loading of denture-base poly-(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) functions as a biomaterial-derived cue that regulates fungal biofilm behavior. This study establishes that mechanically induced Candida albicans virulence is strain dependent and extends to clinically relevant isolates, thereby improving the translational relevance of denture mechanobiology models. Biofilms of C. albicans strains with distinct filamentation capacities, including the laboratory reference strain SC5314, two clinical isolates (hyphae-defective (UR18) and hyperfilamentous (UR13)), and a hyphae-deficient (efg1ΔΔ mutant), were grown on polished and rough PMMA surfaces and subjected to physiologically relevant cyclic deformation. Results showed that cyclic loading significantly altered biofilm behavior in a Candida strain-dependent manner. Filament-competent strains exhibited increased viability, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production, hyphal formation, and protease secretion, with the hyperfilamentous clinical isolate showing the strongest mechanosensitive virulence response. Filament-incompetent strains still retained robust protease secretion triggered by cyclic mechanical loading, revealing that toxic enzyme production can be mechanically activated independently of hyphal growth. While surface roughness modulated response magnitude, cyclic deformation alone was sufficient to activate virulence even on polished/smooth PMMA surfaces. These findings identify cyclic mechanical deformation as a biomaterial parameter governing the biofilm behavior and virulence of clinical and laboratory fungal strains and highlight the importance of incorporating mechanical loading into the design and evaluation of polymeric biomaterials.},
}

@article {pmid42518698,
year = {2026},
author = {Chu, Z and Fang, S and Fu, W and Liang, J and Wu, Y and Xu, L and Zhang, H and Wang, J and Qian, H and Shao, M},
title = {Synergistic eradication of NDM-1 Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm infection by a Meropenem/EDTA Co-delivery system based on gelatin microspheres.},
journal = {Materials today. Bio},
volume = {39},
number = {},
pages = {103441},
doi = {10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103441},
pmid = {42518698},
issn = {2590-0064},
abstract = {New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)-producing drug-resistant bacteria often form stubborn biofilms and cause severe pneumonia, resulting in conventional antibiotic failure. In this study, we developed gelatin-genipin microspheres co-loaded with EDTA and meropenem (GEM) for targeted treatment of NDM pneumonia. EDTA exerted dual functions: it chelated Zn[2+] to inactivate NDM enzyme and restore meropenem activity (FIC = 0.046875), while also disrupting bacterial biofilms through chelation. GEM microspheres enable accelerated drug release in the artificial phlegm environment. In a mouse model of NDM pneumonia, GEM microspheres can enhance the recruitment of neutrophils and M1 cells at the early stage (12 h) through bacterial clearance, modulate the secretion of interferon-γ by CD8[+] T cells and natural killer cells, and reshape the pulmonary immune microenvironment. Furthermore, GEM treatment reduced pathological pulmonary immune cell infiltration and excessive inflammation at late time points (days 3-7). Taken together, GEM microspheres integrate biofilm disruption, enzyme inhibition, synergistic bactericidal effects, and immunoregulation, representing a promising strategy against NDM drug-resistant bacterial pneumonia.},
}

@article {pmid42518799,
year = {2026},
author = {Heroza, RI and Azizinezhad, P and Moss, KA and Lewis, HM and Pajewska, P and Seco de Herrera, AG and Dumbrell, AJ and Laissue, PP and Aldred, N},
title = {From annotation to analysis: a deep-learning pipeline for optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based measurements of biofilm morphology.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {100383},
doi = {10.1016/j.bioflm.2026.100383},
pmid = {42518799},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Biofilms represent the predominant mode of bacterial life at solid-liquid interfaces, and understanding their composition, structure, and dynamics is critical to addressing key challenges across medical, environmental, and engineering applications. This study presents a deep learning-based framework for rapid morphological characterisation of biofilms using optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and an automated image processing pipeline. Images were used to train two state-of-the-art segmentation models: YOLOv8 and SegFormer. Both models delivered impressive results in delineating biofilm structures; YOLOv8 achieved 0.99 for accuracy and an intersection over union (IoU) of 0.9, while SegFormer scored 0.97 and 0.87, respectively. Model robustness was assessed across eight challenging biofilm conditions, with YOLOv8 showing superior performance in discriminating thin and non-growing biofilms, and SegFormer's superiority with stable morphologies. Additionally, we developed a framework to extract key morphological characteristics from the segmented images, including thickness, roughness and density distribution. The model-derived measurements showed strong agreement with manually generated ground truth data, confirming the reliability of the automated pipeline. Furthermore, an experiment involving four taxonomically distinct multi-species biofilms demonstrated the utility of the approach for discriminating biofilms based on their morphology. The software, containing both segmentation models, is openly available to the community and provides a foundation for future high-throughput studies examining biofilm responses to taxonomic or environmental variation.},
}

@article {pmid42519881,
year = {2026},
author = {Furlong, C and Mohapatra, S and Harold, D and Finlay, E and Holland, L},
title = {The metabolic trap: Candida parapsilosis inhibits Staphylococcus aureus biofilm maturation by disrupting pH homeostasis and inducing premature exodus.},
journal = {Journal of medical microbiology},
volume = {75},
number = {7},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1099/jmm.0.002186},
pmid = {42519881},
issn = {1473-5644},
abstract = {Introduction. Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) frequently manifest as device-related biofilms that exhibit enhanced tolerance to conventional therapies contributing to antimicrobial resistance. Polymicrobial biofilms involving Candida and Staphylococcus species are a major cause of persistent nosocomial infections. However, while the synergism between Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus is well-characterized, the interactions involving non-albicans Candida remain poorly understood.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. The specific interactions between Candida parapsilosis and S. aureus were entirely unknown, although it was broadly assumed they would be synergistic in nature, mirroring known Candida-Staphylococcus models.Aim. This study investigated the interspecies dynamics between C. parapsilosis and S. aureus within a mixed biofilm context.Methodology. C. parapsilosis secretome fractions were isolated and screened against methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) S. aureus strains. Their effects on biofilm formation, primary attachment, planktonic growth and eradication were evaluated under varying glucose concentrations, followed by transcriptomic analysis of treated staphylococcal cells.Results. We report the discovery of a small (<10 kDa), heat-stable fungal-secreted factor that significantly inhibits the maturation of MSSA biofilms and disperses preformed biomass without affecting primary attachment or planktonic growth, although MRSA strains remained recalcitrant. This antagonism is strictly glucose-dependent; the inhibitory effect is potent in 0.2% glucose but is abolished in both 0.5 and 1.0% glucose. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the fungal secretome triggers a pleiotropic 'Metabolic Trap' in S. aureus, characterized by the downregulation of the glycolytic pathway (e.g. tpiA, gapA) and a failure to induce critical-acid-tolerance systems, including the arginine deiminase and urease operons. This metabolic reprogramming maintains a near-neutral local pH (5.8-6), which in turn provides an optimal environment for the observed upregulation of staphylococcal nuclease (nuc) ultimately degrading the extracellular matrix and preventing the development of a mature biofilm architecture.Conclusion. We propose that the C. parapsilosis secretome effectively tricks S. aureus into a premature exodus phase, where nuclease-mediated matrix degradation prevents the establishment of a stable biofilm architecture. These findings underscore the highly species-specific nature of fungal-bacterial interactions and identify a specific metabolic vulnerability in S. aureus that may be exploited to develop novel anti-biofilm strategies against polymicrobial communities.},
}

@article {pmid42520047,
year = {2026},
author = {Piazza, A and Thompson, CMA and Chandra, G and Dasanayaka, H and Saalbach, G and Martins, C and Trampari, E and Webber, MA and Harrison, F and Malone, JG},
title = {A novel stress response pathway mediates biofilm architecture in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.},
journal = {PLoS pathogens},
volume = {22},
number = {7},
pages = {e1013832},
doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1013832},
pmid = {42520047},
issn = {1553-7374},
abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen, with chronic infections often associated with biofilm formation. Here, we investigate the previously uncharacterized gene PA3049, which is upregulated under biofilm conditions, to determine its role in infection, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial sensitivity. We show that the small uncharacterised protein PA3049, renamed as Biofilm architecture Regulator (BatR), promotes biofilm establishment and enhances biofilm survival in sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. Proteomic analysis revealed that BatR influences the R2/F2 pyocin cluster, which drives explosive cell lysis and extracellular DNA (eDNA) release during biofilm development. We further identify a specific interaction between BatR and PA0486 (SrkA), an uncharacterised Ser/Thr protein kinase. We show that SrkA controls biofilm and pyocyanin production, and lysis-mediated eDNA release through regulation of the R2/F2 pyocin cluster and activation of bacteriophage Pf4. Our findings support a model in which SrkA directly regulates key biofilm-associated phenotypes, while BatR acts as a modulatory partner that tunes SrkA activity under specific conditions. Finally, BatR function was tested in high-validity infection models, including the ex vivo pig lung model of cystic fibrosis infection and a synthetic chronic-wound model. In these models, BatR contributes to biofilm architecture and antibiotic resistance and modulates pyocyanin production. Our study implicates the BatR/SrkA system in the response of P. aeruginosa biofilms to antibiotic challenge in lung infections.},
}

@article {pmid42520076,
year = {2026},
author = {Lane, JR and Mauser, H and Santana-Krimskaya, SE and Konda, VS and DePass, A and Ercoli, G and Prokopczuk, FI and Mohasin, M and D'Mello, A and Tettelin, H and Brown, JS and Reyes, LF and Orihuela, CJ},
title = {Biofilm formation during pneumococcal carriage imprints naturally acquired humoral immunity.},
journal = {PLoS pathogens},
volume = {22},
number = {7},
pages = {e1013826},
doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1013826},
pmid = {42520076},
issn = {1553-7374},
abstract = {Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) colonization of the nasopharynx is a prerequisite for transmission and invasive disease. To investigate how repeated asymptomatic colonization shapes immunity and influences bacterial traits, we developed the Repeated Asymptomatic Murine Pneumococcal Colonization (RAMPC3) model using strains belonging to serotypes: 2 (D39), 3 (WU2), and 4 (TIGR4). Sequential colonization revealed strain- and exposure-order-dependent effects on bacterial burden, with initial colonization yielding robust carriage and subsequent exposures resulting in diminished burden and rapid clearance. Humoral profiling demonstrated antigenic imprinting: the first colonizing strain largely determined IgG and IgA specificity against bacterial proteins, with minimal diversification or expansion after repeated exposures. Reactivity was strongest for biofilm-associated antigens correlating with each strain's biofilm-forming capacity. Notably, experiments using human sera from naturally colonized adults mirrored these findings, with reactivity favoring biofilm antigens independent from capsule. Partial protection as result of colonization was demonstrated as triple-colonized mice had reduced mortality following pneumococcal pneumonia challenge. Likewise, mice colonized with biofilm deficient versions of TIGR4 and then challenged intratracheally with a serotype 6A (6A-10) strain were more likely to develop bacteremia, underscoring the contribution of the biofilm-associated host response to immunity. Finally, IgA responses in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue paralleled serum IgA patterns, validating systemic measurements as a proxy for mucosal immunity. These results reveal that biofilm formation during colonization is a key determinant of humoral immunity and contributes to systemic protection, providing insight into pneumococcal biology and informing strategies to design next-generation interventions.},
}

@article {pmid42520457,
year = {2026},
author = {Fakhruddin, KS and Shahwan, M and Kamal, A and Elmobarik, O and Chaiboonyarak, T and Nugraha, AP and Jung, HS and Samaranayake, L and Porntaveetus, T},
title = {Human Lingual Biofilm Signatures in Gastrointestinal Disease: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {International dental journal},
volume = {76},
number = {5},
pages = {109762},
doi = {10.1016/j.identj.2026.109762},
pmid = {42520457},
issn = {1875-595X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: The tongue dorsum represents a structurally complex oral biofilm niche that has traditionally been regarded as indicative of systemic health. Recent advances in oral microbiome research and multi-omics technologies facilitate the systematic evaluation of the association between tongue coating biofilm signals and gastrointestinal disease states. However, it remains unclear whether these tongue-derived signals indicate systemic gastrointestinal pathology or merely reflect localised oral ecological disturbances. This review synthesises current evidence on tongue-derived microbial and multi-omics signatures across inflammatory, precancerous, and malignant gastrointestinal conditions, and evaluates their ecological, biological, and clinical significance.

METHODS: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Five electronic databases were searched (2010-2025) for human studies analysing tongue-coating samples using microbiome or multi-omics approaches.

RESULTS: A total of twenty-five cross-sectional studies involving more than 4500 participants, primarily from East Asian populations, were included. Three recurrent patterns were identified: (1) stage-associated microbial restructuring, which involved mild non-specific alterations in inflammatory states, structured dysbiosis in precancerous conditions, and more consistent ecological configurations in malignancy; (2) convergence of functional multi-omics signals on lipid metabolism pathways across independent cohorts; and (3) significant modification of microbial and functional profiles by tongue coating phenotype, including colour, thickness and classification system.

CONCLUSIONS: Tongue-derived microbial and multi-omics signatures demonstrate reproducible cross-sectional associations with gastrointestinal diseases, exhibiting functional convergence across multiple omics layers. However, the reliance on cross-sectional study designs, absence of external validation and insufficient adjustment for confounding variables currently limit their clinical application as diagnostic biomarkers.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Tongue examination is clinically useful for assessing oral biofilm burden, mucosal pathology and oral hygiene in dental practice. It should not be used to diagnose gastrointestinal disease until validated by longitudinal, confounder-controlled studies.},
}

@article {pmid42498890,
year = {2026},
author = {Sidarous, LR and Ibrahim, MS and Elhadidy, M and Abouelfetouh, A and Saif, NA and Aboelnaga, N and Shehat, M and Youssef, M and Badr, E},
title = {Integrated Genome-Wide Association Study and Machine Learning Approach for Characterizing the Determinants of Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus aureus.},
journal = {Interdisciplinary sciences, computational life sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42498890},
issn = {1867-1462},
abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a well-recognized pathogen known for its multi-drug resistance and diverse virulence mechanisms. Its ability to grow biofilms on implanted medical devices enhances its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence. Despite its clinical relevance, the underlying genetic basis of S. aureus biofilm formation remains insufficiently characterized, particularly regarding key biofilm-associated genes (BAGs) and their regulatory contributions. This study presents a two-part integrative approach to identify genetic determinants of biofilm formation in 178 Egyptian, clinical S. aureus isolates. The framework integrates a genome-wide association study (GWAS) module with a learning-based classification module. GWAS was conducted using a linear mixed model, while logistic regression was the best-performing model in binary and multiclass classification. Integrating both modules, we identified 20 BAGs as promising determinants of biofilm formation. Protein-protein interaction network and pathway enrichment analyses revealed their involvement in biofilm-related pathways. Of the identified BAGs, nine genes have direct links to biofilm formation in S. aureus or other bacteria, while the rest are linked to AMR, nutrient acquisition, and cell division. This study presents a robust framework for biofilm genomics research, uncovering 20 candidate BAGs that span diverse biological functions and capture the multi-faceted nature of biofilm formation in S. aureus.},
}

@article {pmid42501631,
year = {2026},
author = {Ji, G and Wang, Z and Huang, K and Liu, X and Sun, D},
title = {From pilot-scale validation to life cycle assessment: Towards sustainable wastewater treatment with an enhanced rotating algal biofilm reactor.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {414},
number = {},
pages = {130534},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.130534},
pmid = {42501631},
issn = {1095-8630},
abstract = {The transition of municipal wastewater treatment plants towards energy-neutral, resource-efficient facilities is a cornerstone of sustainable urban management. However, selecting core technologies with verifiable low-carbon and resource-recovery credentials remains a critical challenge. This study addresses this gap by piloting and comprehensively assessing an enhanced rotating algal biofilm (RAB) reactor as a viable core unit. Through microalgae-activated sludge co-inoculation, the system achieved efficient nutrient removal at a commercially viable 24-h hydraulic retention time, reducing direct CO2 emissions by 72.6% while producing valuable biomass (37.7 g/m[2]/day). A subsequent life cycle assessment (LCA) of a scaled-up process (20,000 m[3]/d), which was designed based on pilot data to integrate the enhanced RAB with necessary downstream units, confirmed its superior environmental profile compared to conventional A[2]/O and MBR processes. Crucially, the biodiesel production pathway was identified as optimal, with sensitivity analysis revealing its potential for net negative carbon emissions under optimal summer conditions and with cleaner electricity grids. Furthermore, the environmental merit of this pathway was found to be highly dependent on regional grid cleanliness, providing a clear decision-making framework for technology selection based on local contexts. This work delivers a validated, resource-recovering technology option and a robust, data-driven guide for environmental managers overseeing the sustainable transformation of wastewater infrastructure.},
}

@article {pmid42503055,
year = {2026},
author = {Chen, X and Yang, J and Wang, C and Yao, C and Wang, H and He, Y and Yang, X and He, X and Yao, Q and Lu, L and Sun, P and Guo, X},
title = {A multifunctional molecular platform for restoration quinolone antibiotics: synthesis, antimicrobial, anti-biofilm and preliminary mechanistic studies.},
journal = {Molecular diversity},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42503055},
issn = {1573-501X},
support = {82474158//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022YFS0435//Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Support Program/ ; 2022B1111050003//Special Project for Research and Developmentin Key areas of Guangdong Province/ ; },
abstract = {Bacterial biofilms, spatially and physiologically heterogeneous communities, protect pathogens from antibiotics and drive persistent infections, particularly those caused by the clinically challenging methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Such biofilm-mediated protection poses a major obstacle to antibiotic therapy, rendering quinolone antibiotics markedly less effective owing to their limited penetration into the biofilm matrix and the intrinsic tolerance of sessile bacteria. Therefore, strategies capable of overcoming biofilm-associated resistance and restoring the therapeutic potential of legacy quinolone antibiotics are urgently needed. Herein, a multifunctional molecular platform, AFQ-BP, was rationally developed to serve as a dual antibiofilm and antibacterial agent. Nineteen novel derivatives were designed and synthesized, 21 and 22 exhibited strong antibacterial activity, comparable to that of frontline antibiotics such as ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. Notably, the lead candidate 22 (MIC = 2 µg/mL against MRSA 21-5) suppressed biofilm formation by 69.6% and eradicated mature biofilms by 70.2%, demonstrating a 5-fold improvement over ciprofloxacin at 1×MIC and sustained activity even at the subinhibitory concentration of 1/4×MIC. It exhibited low cytotoxicity toward HEK293 cells (IC50 >100 µg/mL), negligible hemolysis (1.05%), and acceptable lipophilicity (cLogP = 2.70), while being predicted as non-BBB permeant. Compound 12, repurposed from the obsolete second-generation quinolone antibiotic pipemidic acid, reduced biofilm biomass by 67.0% at 1/4×MIC. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest a multifaceted antibiofilm mechanism involving ROS amplification, EPS disintegration, and membrane damage.},
}

@article {pmid42503197,
year = {2026},
author = {Satapathy, SS and Bhuyan, R and Pradhan, AK and Sahoo, SR and Panda, NR and Bhuyan, SK},
title = {Exploring Anti-Biofilm Mechanisms of Spilanthes paniculata Essential Oil Against Oral Pathogens: An In Vitro and In Silico Study.},
journal = {Chemistry & biodiversity},
volume = {23},
number = {7},
pages = {e71514},
doi = {10.1002/cbdv.71514},
pmid = {42503197},
issn = {1612-1880},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation & purification ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation & purification ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/physiology ; *Asteraceae/chemistry ; Plant Leaves/chemistry/metabolism ; Flowers/chemistry/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Spilanthes paniculata (toothache plant) belongs to the Asteraceae plant family and has been traditionally used in dentistry for treating several oral ailments, including gingivitis, periodontitis, odontalgia, and xerostomia. This present study investigated the in vitro antibacterial-antibiofilm activities of S. paniculata essential oils (EOs) from leaves and flowers against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Escherichia coli using agar well diffusion and biofilm assays. Further, quantitative phytochemical analyses of EOs were carried out using GC-MS analysis, where Spathulenol, Germacrene D, and (E)-caryophyllene were found to be leading preliminary phytochemical constituents. Molecular docking investigated the binding efficacy against biofilm-associated target enzymes, sortase A of S. aureus and S. mutans, and PgaB of E. coli, taking tetracycline as a standard. Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles were also predicted. The in vitro studies suggested the flower EOs exhibited stronger antibacterial-antibiofilm potency than the leaf EOs, with the leading inhibition zone (ZI) (27.66 mm) and MIC (≥ 125 µg/mL) values against S. aureus. Docking results indicated that (E)-caryophyllene comparatively showed high binding affinities with SrtA (-5.91 and -6.03 kcal/mol) along with PgaB (-6.2 kcal/mol). Overall, scientific validation of the traditional claim of S. paniculata and flower EOs could be used as a natural oral therapy against biofilm-related infections.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation & purification
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation & purification
Molecular Docking Simulation
*Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology
Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/physiology
*Asteraceae/chemistry
Plant Leaves/chemistry/metabolism
Flowers/chemistry/metabolism

@article {pmid42503735,
year = {2026},
author = {Lorente, CJ and Licursi, M and Gutierrez, MF and Miró, MV and Lifschitz, A and Mesa, L},
title = {Contrasting accumulation of ivermectin in rooted emergent and free-floating macrophyte-biofilm assemblages from floodplain wetlands.},
journal = {Journal of environmental quality},
volume = {55},
number = {4},
pages = {e70229},
doi = {10.1002/jeq2.70229},
pmid = {42503735},
issn = {1537-2537},
support = {PICT-2018-02203//Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica/ ; },
mesh = {*Wetlands ; *Ivermectin/analysis/metabolism ; *Biofilms ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/metabolism ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Veterinary pharmaceuticals, such as ivermectin, are widely used in livestock production and reach nearby wetlands primarily bound to cattle dung, yet their environmental behavior within aquatic vegetation remains poorly understood. This study assessed the accumulation and distribution of environmentally relevant concentrations of ivermectin in two macrophytes with contrasting life forms from the Middle Paraná River floodplain (Argentina): the rooted emergent Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P.H. Raven and the free-floating Salvinia biloba Raddi and in their epiphytic biofilms. A 10-day outdoor mesocosm experiment was conducted using ivermectin-spiked cattle dung to simulate input from grazing livestock. Ivermectin concentrations were quantified in roots, leaves, biofilm, and sediment under single- and mixed-species treatments. Ivermectin was detected in all analyzed matrices, with higher concentrations generally observed in L. peploides. Root concentrations were higher in L. peploides (≈18 ng g[-1]) than in S. biloba (≈8 ng g[-1]). Ivermectin concentrations in the biofilm of L. peploides were also notable (≈9 ng g[-1]), whereas in S. biloba they were lower or below detection limits. Leaf concentrations remained comparatively low in both species (generally below 3 ng g[-1]). Comparison between single- and mixed-species treatments showed species-dependent responses that varied across matrices. These results indicate that plant life forms influence ivermectin accumulation patterns, with roots and epiphytic biofilms as the primary retention compartments. Macrophyte-biofilm assemblages may therefore act as temporary sinks, while also representing potential reservoirs for ivermectin transfer through aquatic food webs, highlighting their relevance for understanding the environmental fate of veterinary pharmaceuticals in livestock-impacted wetlands.},
}

*Wetlands
*Ivermectin/analysis/metabolism
*Biofilms
*Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/metabolism
*Environmental Monitoring
Animals

@article {pmid42505111,
year = {2026},
author = {Samio, M and Prapti, BBR and Arnop, KMA and Ahmmed, MT and Rahman, A and Amin, MA and Rahman, MA and Haque, N and Yasmin, S and Siddique, MP},
title = {Biofilm, virulence, and ESBL-mediated resistance: unmasking Klebsiella spp. UTIs.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0066426},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.00664-26},
pmid = {42505111},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Klebsiella spp. has emerged as the second leading cause of urinary tract infection and a major cause of multidrug resistance. This study investigated the prevalence of genetic determinants related to infection and drug resistance, and the effects of biofilm on drug resistance from urinary tract infection (UTI) patients. A total of 718 clean voided midstream urine samples were collected from different age group patients at Mymensingh Medical College Hospital. Bacterial isolates were initially identified by cultural and biochemical assays, and finally confirmed by rcsA and pheX gene-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method. The presence of virulence, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), and carbapenemase genes was determined by PCR. Biofilm formation was assessed using Congo red agar and microtiter plate assays. Among culture-positive isolates, 22 were confirmed as Klebsiella spp. (20 K. pneumoniae, 2 K. oxytoca), with 77.3% from females. The fimH, mrkD, and uge were the most prevalent virulence genes. Ninety-five percent of isolates were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR), and three were extremely drug resistant (XDR). ESBL genes blaSHV (50%) and blaTEM (40%) predominated, while blaNDM (20%) and blaOXA-48 (10%) were the main carbapenemase genes. Moderate (n = 6; 27.3%) to strong (n = 4; 18.1%) biofilm producers showed significantly higher resistance (P < 0.05). Regression analysis identified mrkD, uge, and allS as independent predictors of biofilm formation. The high prevalence of MDR K. pneumoniae with virulence and ESBL-carbapenemase genes highlights an alarming threat to UTI management in Bangladesh.

IMPORTANCE: Klebsiella spp., particularly K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca, are emerging as the second major uropathogens increasingly resistant to multiple antibiotics, complicating treatment and driving recurrent urinary tract infections. Their virulence factors, especially adhesins and biofilm formation, not only enhance colonization but also promote the spread of resistance genes, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases. Despite their clinical significance, data on the molecular determinants of virulence and resistance in uropathogenic Klebsiella from Bangladesh remain limited. This study combines molecular and phenotypic approaches to characterize virulence genes, biofilm-forming potential, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates. By identifying key predictors of biofilm-associated multidrug resistance, the findings provide critical insights for guiding empirical therapy, informing infection control, and supporting antimicrobial stewardship. Ultimately, this work contributes to addressing the dual threat of virulence and drug resistance in urinary tract infection (UTI) management.},
}

@article {pmid42505618,
year = {2026},
author = {Forero-Doria, O and Rodríguez-Azúa, R and Parot-Cabrera, M and Olate-Olave, V and Mitsi, C and Castro, RI and Monroy-Cárdenas, M and Venturini, W and Araya-Maturana, R and Guzmán, L},
title = {Hydroxylated Alkyl and Phenyl Phosphonium Ionic Liquids Exhibit Enhanced Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Activity.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {7},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15070655},
pmid = {42505618},
issn = {2079-6382},
support = {grant number 1231634.//National Agency for Research and Development/ ; },
abstract = {The rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance has intensified the search for alternative antimicrobial scaffolds that target both planktonic bacteria and biofilm-associated infections. In this study, a series of hydroxylated phosphonium ionic liquids derived from triphenylphosphonium (TPP[+]) and trihexylphosphonium (THP[+]) cations bearing C3, C6, C7, and C10 ω-hydroxyalkyl chains were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities. Antibacterial activity was determined using broth microdilution assays against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, while anti-biofilm activity was assessed by disrupting preformed biofilms using a 96-pin microtiter plate system and crystal violet staining. The results showed that antibacterial activity was strongly influenced by the amphiphilic balance of the compounds, particularly the alkyl chain length and the nature of the phosphonium core. Derivatives bearing C6OH-C10OH chains exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, whereas short-chain analogs displayed markedly reduced potency. THP derivatives were notably more active against E. coli bacteria, consistent with their higher hydrophobicity and activity consistent with membrane interaction. In addition, THP derivatives demonstrated greater biofilm disruption, achieving up to ~90% biomass removal in E. coli biofilms, with C6OH-C7OH derivatives showing the most favorable activity profile. Hemolysis assays indicated low erythrocyte toxicity at concentrations close to antibacterial MIC values, indicating a favorable selectivity window. Overall, these findings highlight phosphonium ionic liquids as promising antimicrobial agents with activity consistent with membrane interaction and provide structure-activity insights for the rational design of new antibacterial and anti-biofilm compounds.},
}

@article {pmid42505666,
year = {2026},
author = {Khalid, MH and Aslam, B and Aljasir, SF},
title = {Combination-Based Biofunctional Coatings for Veterinary Biofilm-Associated Infections.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {7},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15070703},
pmid = {42505666},
issn = {2079-6382},
support = {QU-APC-2026//Qassim University/ ; },
abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections present a significant but insufficiently acknowledged problem in veterinary medicine because they result in persistent infections that lead to unsuccessful treatments and drive the growth of antimicrobial resistance throughout animal healthcare systems. The extracellular matrix of biofilms together with their resistance mechanisms make traditional antimicrobial methods ineffective against these structures. The development of combination-based biomaterial coatings represents an effective solution for biofilm control since these coatings combine different antimicrobial capabilities into one surface treatment. This review offers an in-depth evaluation of veterinary-focused combination-based coating systems which scientists developed to create solutions for catheterization, orthopedic, dental implant procedures, wound treatment and aquaculture infrastructure. This review also examines various coating methods to determine their effectiveness in creating surfaces that optimize antimicrobial delivery. However, the development of veterinary medical solutions faces major obstacles because the technology needs to overcome some key issues, which include maintaining stability through time, protecting animal health, preventing environmental harm and meeting regulatory standards. Overall, the use of multifunctional biomaterial functional coatings provides veterinary medicine with a revolutionary method to handle biofilm-related infections in animals, which decreases the need for antibiotics while improving infection control according to One Health principles.},
}

@article {pmid42505668,
year = {2026},
author = {Gao, J and Wu, Y and Ma, X and Xu, X and Zhang, Z and Shao, W and Zheng, N and Guo, T and Zhao, Y},
title = {Biofilm Formation and the Pore Proteins ompF and ompC Lead to Heteroresistance in Escherichia coli.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {7},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15070705},
pmid = {42505668},
issn = {2079-6382},
support = {xjnkywdzc-2026001-86//Agricultural Sci-Tech Renovation/ ; 2023TSYCCY0034//Tianshan Talent Training Program/ ; 2024D01E12//Outstanding youth funds of Xinjiang/ ; 32460881//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a major pathogen responsible for mastitis and calf diarrhea in dairy cows and has developed heteroresistance (HR) to a wide range of antibiotics. An increasing number of animal studies have shown that the presence of heteroresistance leads to failure of antibiotic therapy. The aims of this study were to investigate whether heteroresistance exists in E. coli and to investigate the biological characteristics of heteroresistant E. coli and its resistant subpopulations in order to investigate possible heteroresistance mechanisms. In this study, we screened heteroresistant E. coli by the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test, Kirby-Bauer (K-B) test, and population analysis profile (PAP), and analyzed the heteroresistance bacteria by a combination of resistance stability test, growth curve test, biofilm formation ability test, transcriptomics and qRT-PCR characterization and mechanism. The results of the K-B test, MIC test and PAP experiments showed that the strains D2, D8, D14, D15, and D19 were heteroresistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC), and the frequency of heteroresistant subpopulations ranged from 3.95 × 10[-6] to 8.11 × 10[-5]. The resistant subpopulation resistance of strain D2 was stable and there was no growth lag. The results of transcriptomics testing confirmed that the heteroresistance mechanism involves ompF, reduced or absent ompC pore protein expression, and increased biofilm formation. This finding provides new insights into the molecular regulatory pathways involved in the development of heteroresistant strains of E. coli.},
}

@article {pmid42506740,
year = {2026},
author = {O'Brien, J and Saavedra, FM and Choi, I and McCulloch, KJ and Martell, M and Peterson, AM and Staley, C and Herzberg, MC and Lima, BP},
title = {Identification of a conserved GNAT-family lysine acetyltransferase in Streptococcus gordonii involved in biofilm formation and oral colonization.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0010226},
doi = {10.1128/jb.00102-26},
pmid = {42506740},
issn = {1098-5530},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Streptococcus gordonii is a gram-positive oral bacterium capable of adhering to a variety of biotic and abiotic surfaces and forming biofilms. To characterize physiological changes associated with biofilm formation in S. gordonii, we investigated the roles of two putative GCN5-related N-acetyltransferases (GNATs), SGO_2030 and SGO_2031, in in vitro biofilm formation on saliva-coated surfaces using the laboratory strain DL1. Our results demonstrate that SGO_2031, but not SGO_2030, seems to contribute to biofilm formation by modulating the abundance of extracellular polysaccharides within the biofilm matrix. This defect in biofilm formation observed by the deletion of SGO_2031 resulted in a significant fitness disadvantage during colonization of the murine oral cavity compared to the wild-type parent strain. Consistent with the role of S. gordonii as an early colonizer of tooth surfaces that influences oral biofilm community structure, inoculation with either the wild-type or the SGO_2031 mutant strain led to distinct alterations in the murine oral microbiome composition. Deletion of SGO_2031 also resulted in changes in protein acetylation patterns, as assessed by Western immunoblot analysis, supporting the role of this enzyme as an acetyltransferase. Given that SGO_2031 is conserved and widely distributed among streptococci, we propose naming this enzyme Streptococcal Lysine Acetyltransferase A (SktA).

IMPORTANCE: Protein acetylation is a common posttranslational modification conserved across all domains of life. In bacteria, protein acetylation is carried out by homologs of the GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) family. GNATs catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the ε-amino group of lysine residues on proteins. This process changes the charge and length of lysine residues, resulting in changes to protein function. Streptococcus gordonii is predicted to encode 17 GNAT homologs. Here, we report that one of them, SGO_2031 (SktA), plays an important role in S. gordonii biofilms.},
}

@article {pmid42507087,
year = {2026},
author = {Lutfullina, GF and Lutfullin, MT and Mardanova, AM},
title = {Lipopeptides from Bacillus subtilis GM5 Inhibit Biofilm Formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis through Regulation of Gene Expression.},
journal = {Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42507087},
issn = {1573-8221},
abstract = {We studied the effect of the total lipopeptide fraction from Bacillus subtilis GM5 on biofilm formation by the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis and on the expression of genes involved in biofilm formation. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the total lipopeptide fraction of B. subtilis GM5 inhibits biofilm formation by S. epidermidis ATCC 14990, reduces bacterial adhesion to glass, and causes bacterial deformation. Gene expression analysis using RT-qPCR demonstrated that cell treatment with the total lipopeptide fraction suppressed the expression of genes involved in biofilm formation by 2.8 (sarA) and 3 times (icaA), which correlated with the inhibition of biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid42507088,
year = {2026},
author = {Dubrovina, VI and Starovoitova, TP and Pyatidesyatnikova, AB and Ivanova, TA and Mazepa, AV and Naumova, KV and Syngeeva, AK and Balakhonov, SV},
title = {Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Agar and Biofilm Cultures of Francisella tularensis on the Immunological Reactivity of Experimental Animals.},
journal = {Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42507088},
issn = {1573-8221},
abstract = {We studied immunogenic properties of biofilm and agar cultures of Francisella tularensis strains. Analysis of the interaction of F. tularensis biofilm cultures with macrophages from experimental animals showed that the bacteria adapt to adverse conditions by forming biofilms, thereby increasing their virulence and subsequently suppressing the functional activity of immune cells. Biofilm formation in 7-day-old cultures of F. tularensis strains was associated with an increase in the virulent potential, which led to a decrease in the mean survival time and the overall survival rate of the experimental animals.},
}

@article {pmid42507230,
year = {2026},
author = {Benaissa, A and Tamfu, AN and Bouali, W and Bousselham, A and Medjdoub, H and Babali, B and Busra, AE and Kucukaydin, S and Anouar, EH and Ceylan, O},
title = {Biofilm disruption by citronellol and geraniol against clinical uropathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an integrated in vitro and in silico investigation.},
journal = {Molecular biology reports},
volume = {53},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42507230},
issn = {1573-4978},
mesh = {*Acyclic Monoterpenes/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods ; Terpenes/pharmacology ; Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; Pelargonium/chemistry ; Humans ; Computer Simulation ; Chromobacterium ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, within urinary tract and nosocomial infections, involves biofilm formation and quorum sensing (QS) constituting a major clinical challenge.

METHODS: The chemical composition of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil (EO) was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antibacterial activity of the EO and its major constituents, citronellol and geraniol, was evaluated against clinical and reference P. aeruginosa strains using disk diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Antibiofilm activity was assessed at concentrations ranging from 2×MIC to sub-MIC levels. Interference with quorum-sensing-associated phenotypes was investigated using Chromobacterium violaceum CV12472 and CV026 biosensor strains. Swarming and swimming motility assays were performed. Molecular docking and ADMET analyses were conducted to explore potential target interactions and pharmacokinetic properties.

RESULTS: Citronellol (34.29%) and geraniol (18.62%) were the predominant constituents of the EO. Antibacterial activity yielded inhibition zones of 10-14 mm and MIC values ranging from 1% to 0.031% (v/v), with geraniol showing the lowest MIC (0.031%). The EO, citronellol, and geraniol inhibited biofilm formation, reaching 87.28% inhibition at 2×MIC while retaining activity at sub-MIC concentrations. All treatments reduced violacein production in C. violaceum biosensors and inhibited bacterial motility, with maximum reductions of 82.6% (swarming) and 74.3% (swimming). Geraniol generally exhibited the strongest activity. Docking analysis revealed binding affinities of - 6.08 and - 5.83 kcal/mol for citronellol and geraniol, respectively.

CONCLUSION: P. graveolens EO, citronellol, and geraniol exhibited promising anti-virulence properties against multidrug-resistant uropathogenic P. aeruginosa, supporting their potential as complementary agents for controlling biofilm- and motility-associated infections.},
}

*Acyclic Monoterpenes/pharmacology
*Biofilms/drug effects
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects
Molecular Docking Simulation
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods
Terpenes/pharmacology
Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry
Quorum Sensing/drug effects
Pelargonium/chemistry
Humans
Computer Simulation
Chromobacterium

@article {pmid42498358,
year = {2026},
author = {Kong, Z and Wang, X and Quan, X and Zhang, Y and Zhang, D and Zhou, K},
title = {Enhanced wastewater treatment via a hybrid biofilm carrier: Sulfidized nano zero-valent iron-loaded polyurethane foam for synergistic nutrients and organics removal.},
journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)},
volume = {167},
number = {},
pages = {228-238},
doi = {10.1016/j.jes.2025.10.056},
pmid = {42498358},
issn = {1001-0742},
mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Polyurethanes/chemistry ; *Iron/chemistry ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; *Wastewater/chemistry ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/chemistry ; Adsorption ; Phosphorus ; },
abstract = {Polyurethane foam (PUF) is widely used as a biofilm carrier in water treatment due to its three-dimensional porous structure and large specific surface area. However, inert nature of PUF limits its active involvement in biological processes. This study developed a novel composite carrier by integrating sulfidized nano zero-valent iron (SnZVI) containing hydrogel into PUF (SnZVI-PUF), aiming to improve its function in nutrients and organic matter removal. The SnZVI-PUF carrier exhibited enhanced phosphorus adsorption capacity (17.10 mg/g), prolonged iron release kinetics and better anti-aging properties than nZVI. The biofilm reactor packed with the SnZVI-PUF carrier outperformed that with control PUF, achieving a higher average removal percentage of PO4[3][-]-P, NO3[-]-N, TN and COD by 28.8 %, 17.9 %, 14.2 % and 31.3 %, respectively, under aerobic operation at the influent containing 3.0 mg/L PO4[3][-]-P, 15.0 mg/L NO3[-]-N and 90 mg/L COD. The hydrogel layer allowed SnZVI to adhere stably to PUF surfaces, preventing rapid aggregation and passivation of nZVI while enabling controlled release of Fe[2+]/Fe[3+]. Phosphate could be removed via adsorption by SnZVI, binding with oxidized Fe species (Fe[2+]/Fe[3+]) or coprecipitation with iron hydroxides. The SnZVI-PUF carrier promoted the enrichment of specific functional microorganisms (e.g., Acinetobacter for phosphorus accumulation, Comamonas for nitrate reduction, Comamonas and Raoultella for Fe(III) reduction and Acidovorax for Fe(II) oxidization), which may also contribute greatly to the enhanced phosphorus and nitrate removal. The study highlights the potential of SnZVI-PUF as a multifunctional biofilm carrier in advanced wastewater treatment and offers a sustainable solution for simultaneous nutrient and organic pollutant removal.},
}

*Biofilms
*Polyurethanes/chemistry
*Iron/chemistry
*Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods
*Wastewater/chemistry
*Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/chemistry
Adsorption
Phosphorus

@article {pmid42498528,
year = {2026},
author = {Kador, SM and Chakrovarty, T and Adil, K and Ahmed, MM and Kobir, MM and Hasanuzzaman, M and Akter, M and Taowhid, TS and Islam, MT and Islam, OK},
title = {Occurrence and Distribution of Environmental Pseudomonas aeruginosa From Hospitals in Bangladesh Reveals Diverse Strain Families, Multidrug Resistance, and Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology reports},
volume = {18},
number = {4},
pages = {e70391},
pmid = {42498528},
issn = {1758-2229},
support = {//University Grants Commission of Bangladesh/ ; 23-FOBST-03//JUST Research Cell/ ; 24-FOBST-05//JUST Research Cell/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics/drug effects/isolation & purification/physiology/classification ; Bangladesh ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Hospitals ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Humans ; Genetic Variation ; Integrons ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; },
abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major nosocomial pathogen capable of developing multidrug resistance, forming biofilms, and disseminating antimicrobial resistance genes via mobile genetic elements. This study investigated the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance, lecB sequence diversity, and biofilm-forming capacity of environmental P. aeruginosa isolates from three hospitals in Jashore, Bangladesh. Among 231 environmental samples collected from 29 sites in high-risk hospital units, 36 isolates were confirmed by lecB gene sequencing. Sequence analysis classified 77.8% of isolates as PAO1-like and 22.2% as PA14-like, indicating genetic diversity. Biofilm formation was detected in 97.2% of isolates, with no significant difference between strain families. Phenotypic susceptibility testing revealed widespread multidrug resistance, with the highest resistance to ceftazidime (97.2%) and tetracycline (91.7%). Two operation theatre isolates (A40 and 2SW) exhibited extensive drug resistance within the tested antimicrobial panel. Polymerase chain reaction detected blaSHV (55.6%), floR (33.3%), aac(6')-Ib (33.3%), blaTEM (27.8%), and blaOXA-48 (11.1%), while class 1 integrons occurred in 55.6% of isolates and were associated with floR and blaTEM. Whole-genome sequencing identified intrinsic resistance determinants and the mobile resistance genes tmexCD-toprJ and crpP. These findings highlight genetically diverse, multidrug-resistant, integron-positive, biofilm-forming P. aeruginosa in Bangladeshi hospital environments, underscoring the need for routine environmental surveillance and strengthened infection prevention.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics/drug effects/isolation & purification/physiology/classification
Bangladesh
*Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Hospitals
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Environmental Microbiology
Humans
Genetic Variation
Integrons
Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology
Bacterial Proteins/genetics

@article {pmid42497487,
year = {2026},
author = {Shahnawaz, S and Idris, MO and Yaakop, AS and Yaqoob, AA and Mohamad Ibrahim, MN},
title = {Modified graphene oxide-coated stainless-steel bioanodes for enhanced electrode-biofilm charge transfer and aromatic pollutant degradation in microbial fuel cells.},
journal = {Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
volume = {173},
number = {},
pages = {109396},
doi = {10.1016/j.bioelechem.2026.109396},
pmid = {42497487},
issn = {1878-562X},
abstract = {Inefficient extracellular electron transfer and weak anode-biofilm coupling remain major limitations to the bioelectrochemical performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In this study, stainless-steel (SS) anodes were engineered with graphene oxide (SS-GO) and reduced graphene oxide (SS-rGO) to regulate the electrode-biofilm interface and improve charge-transfer efficiency during MFCs operation. The three anodes were evaluated as model biointerfaces in single-chamber MFCs operated for 50 days using spoiled Bei-Bei pumpkin juice as a waste-derived substrate and 4-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde (4-HBA) as a model aromatic aldehyde pollutant. Surface modification markedly improved the electrochemical response. The SS-rGO anode delivered the highest maximum power density of 29 mW/m[2] at a current density of approximately 95 mA/m[2], followed by SS-GO with 17 mW/m[2] at approximately 90 mA/m[2], whereas bare SS produced 6.6 mW/m[2] at approximately 85 mA/m[2]. Charge-storage performance improved with graphene coatings, with specific capacitance increasing from 9.7 × 10[-2] F/g (SS-GO) to 1.29 × 10[-1] F/g (SS-rGO), consistent with stronger biofilm-electrode coupling. In parallel, 4-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde degradation reached 95.15% on SS-rGO, compared with 90.29% on SS-GO and 75.79% on SS. Community profiling indicated Achromobacter enrichment on GO-modified anodes, whereas Pseudomonas-related taxa were more prominent on bare SS.},
}

@article {pmid42489775,
year = {2026},
author = {Karthikeyan, A and Javaid, A and Charway, GNA and Tabassum, N and Kim, TH and Kim, YM and Jung, WK and Khan, F},
title = {Stage V sporulation protein G as a global regulator of biofilm formation and virulence in Staphylococcus species: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential.},
journal = {World journal of microbiology & biotechnology},
volume = {42},
number = {8},
pages = {},
pmid = {42489775},
issn = {1573-0972},
support = {RS-2021-NR060118//Ministry of Education/ ; RS-2023-00241461//Ministry of Education/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Virulence/genetics ; Quorum Sensing ; *Staphylococcus/pathogenicity/genetics/physiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/pathogenicity ; Spores, Bacterial/genetics ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis form structurally complex, matrix-encased communities, and the resulting infections are among the most difficult to treat. Bacteria embedded within these biofilms show markedly reduced antibiotic susceptibility, reflecting increased tolerance rather than classical resistance, so that doses lethal to planktonic cells are frequently ineffective. The regulatory network responsible for biofilm formation is tightly linked to virulence regulation; thus, disrupting one often disrupts the other. SpoVG (Stage V sporulation protein G), the central node in this network, is a small transcriptional regulator whose full regulatory scope remains incompletely understood. This review highlights SpoVG's function in Staphylococcus, including its regulation of the expression of the adhesion factor gene sasC and the thermonuclease (nuc). Moreover, SpoVG enhances PIA biosynthesis via the ica operon, thereby promoting assembly of biofilm matrix proteins and down-regulating the agr quorum-sensing system, inhibiting toxin synthesis. Overall, these actions enable SpoVG to act as a molecular rheostat that influences biofilm formation and reduces acute virulence in response to environmental signals. Importantly, this dual nature of SpoVG makes it highly promising in translational applications. Unlike traditional antibiotic targets, SpoVG is dispensable for bacterial survival, which may lower, though not eliminate, the selective pressure that drives resistance development. Several natural and artificial products have also been discovered that have the potential to inhibit SpoVG-mediated signaling pathways. They can either alter SpoVG expression directly or involve nodes at other levels within the pathway. The article concludes with an assessment of the current ambiguities and the critical measures that need to be taken by scientists to translate their findings into therapeutics.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
*Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Virulence/genetics
Quorum Sensing
*Staphylococcus/pathogenicity/genetics/physiology
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/drug therapy
Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/pathogenicity
Spores, Bacterial/genetics
Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism

@article {pmid42490694,
year = {2026},
author = {Niazy, AA and Alrashed, MM and Lambarte, RNA and Sumague, TS and Niazy, AA},
title = {5-Fluorouracil modulates motility and biofilm-associated gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {21},
number = {7},
pages = {e0354473},
pmid = {42490694},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Fluorouracil/pharmacology ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Extrachromosomal DNA ; DNA Repair/drug effects/genetics ; Glycolipids/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Flagella/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen in which motility, biofilm formation, and stress adaptation contribute to virulence. Drug repurposing represents a practical strategy for identifying compounds that influence these processes. In this study, the effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on motility, extracellular DNA (eDNA) production, and gene expression were examined in P. aeruginosa PAO1. Swimming, swarming, and twitching motility assays were performed in the presence of increasing concentrations of 5-FU. Transcriptional responses of motility, rhamnolipid, and DNA repair-associated genes were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR. eDNA levels were quantified using fluorescence-based assays and visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Exposure to 5-FU resulted in concentration-dependent reductions in swimming, swarming, and twitching motility. These changes were associated with downregulation of multiple genes involved in flagellar and type IV pili function, including motA, flhA, fliD, pilA, and pilI, and reduced expression of lasB and rhlAB. At 24 h, eDNA levels were decreased relative to untreated controls, whereas at 48 h, higher concentrations of 5-FU were associated with increased eDNA accumulation and upregulation of several DNA repair genes, including xthA, nth, recJ, sbcB, and eddB. These results indicate the multifaceted effects of 5-FU on important virulence factors of P. aeruginosa.},
}

*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/genetics/physiology
*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Fluorouracil/pharmacology
*Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects
Extrachromosomal DNA
DNA Repair/drug effects/genetics
Glycolipids/metabolism
Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Flagella/drug effects

@article {pmid42491359,
year = {2026},
author = {Flom, T and Ciftci, UA and Light, CJ and Redman, WK},
title = {BacQuant: A Scalable Automated Image Processing Pipeline for Quantifying Biofilm Aggregates.},
journal = {microPublication biology},
volume = {2026},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42491359},
issn = {2578-9430},
abstract = {Traditional microbiology methods rely on viable plate counting to quantify bacterial populations but often underestimate biofilm cell density because matrix-encased aggregates can produce a single colony despite containing many cells. Here, we present BacQuant, a computer vision pipeline developed in Python and OpenCV to quantify biofilm aggregates from brightfield microscopy images. Using image thresholding, segmentation, and contour detection, BacQuant distinguishes individual cells from aggregates and estimates total cell burden more comprehensively than viable plate counting alone. Automated counts closely matched manual microscopy counts while producing higher estimated densities, highlighting BacQuant as a scalable, inexpensive complimentary method for biofilm quantification.},
}

@article {pmid42492863,
year = {2026},
author = {Xie, J and Huang, Y and Wang, L and Chen, H and Xia, Z and Yu, X and Yang, J and Xu, J and Fan, H and Zheng, J},
title = {Brassicaceae Seeds Inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm and Quorum Sensing Signal Production by Targeting the las Quorum Sensing System.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {108718},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108718},
pmid = {42492863},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Wasabia japonica and Brassica juncea, members of the Brassicaceae family, are valued not only as edible vegetables but also for their medicinal potential, largely attributed to the antimicrobial properties of their seed oils. The pathogenicity and resilience of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) are closely linked to its biofilm formation and quorum sensing (QS)-regulated virulence, highlighting the need for novel anti-virulence agents. This study investigated the ability of Wasabia japonica seeds (WJS) and Brassica juncea seeds (BJS) extracts to inhibit biofilm formation and QS-mediated phenotypes in P. aeruginosa PAO1. At sub-inhibitory concentrations (≤ 32 μg/mL), both extracts significantly reduced biofilm formation (60.02% and 64.23%, respectively), impaired swimming and swarming motility, and downregulated key QS genes (lasI, lasR, lasB, pqsA). Against two clinical MDR isolates (PAO1-MDR-PA1 and PAO1-MDR-PA20), WJS reduced biofilm formation by 35.89% and 41.13%, while BJS reduced by 34.89% and 46.90%. Fluorescent reporter assays further confirmed the inhibition of lasB and pqsA promoter activity. Chemical profiling by GC-MS identified 6 and 13 major components in WJS and BJS, respectively. Molecular docking demonstrated that WJS and BJS fatty acids inhibit virulence by simultaneously targeting LasB and LasR. Our findings demonstrate that WJS and BJS specifically target the las and pqs QS systems to attenuate virulence in P. aeruginosa. These results support their potential as natural anti-biofilm agents and as therapeutic options against clinical multidrug-resistant isolates, while also providing a foundation for developing next-generation QS inhibitors.},
}

@article {pmid42494050,
year = {2026},
author = {Masoomi, MH and Borhani, MS and Salehi, M and Boozarpour, S and Habibi, M},
title = {Anti-biofilm activity of essential oils from Salvia abrotanoides leaves and flowers against extensively drug-resistant and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.},
journal = {Biofouling},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-19},
doi = {10.1080/08927014.2026.2703178},
pmid = {42494050},
issn = {1029-2454},
abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii is a formidable nosocomial pathogen whose biofilm production is a key contributor to its multidrug resistance. This study reveals the significant antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of Salvia abrotanoides essential oils (EOs) against MDR and XDR A. baumannii. GC-MS analysis identified 19 novel compounds within the leaf (L-EO) and flower (F-EO) extracts. F-EO exhibited greater potency, inhibiting bacterial growth and biofilm formation at 1.75 mg/mL and 0.9 mg/mL, respectively. At sub-inhibitory concentrations, both EOs caused substantial downregulation (>84%) of the critical biofilm genes bap and csuD, which was visually confirmed by SEM. Cytotoxicity assays on A549 cells showed IC50 values of 1.6 mg/mL (L-EO) and 2.3 mg/mL (F-EO). These findings position S. abrotanoides EOs as a promising therapeutic strategy to combat resilient, biofilm-mediated infections.},
}

@article {pmid42494853,
year = {2026},
author = {Fan, Z and Chen, Y and Fu, T and Li, Z and Liu, H and Du, B and Cui, X and Gan, L and Xue, G and Feng, Y and Zhao, H and Cui, J and Yan, C and Feng, J and Xu, Z and Yu, Z and Yang, Y and Ke, Y and Yuan, J},
title = {Phage depolymerase modulates virulence and biofilm in hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae by CPS-mediated suppression of type 3 fimbriae.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {100385},
pmid = {42494853},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Phage-derived depolymerases represent a promising antibiotic alternative for treating Klebsiella pneumoniae infections. Depolymerases can increase the sensitivity of bacteria to the host immune system and complement-mediated killing by specifically degrading capsular polysaccharides (CPS). However, the impact of depolymerases on bacterial biofilm formation remains unclear. This study found that depolymerase treatment significantly enhances the biofilm formation capability of hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKp) strains, which inherently exhibit relatively weak biofilm formation due to their thick capsular polysaccharide (CPS) layers. Further investigation revealed that depolymerase-mediated CPS degradation relieved its repression on the type 3 fimbriae gene cluster mrkABCDF, thereby promoting biofilm formation. In vivo experiments in mice also showed that CPS can inhibit virulence functions associated with type 3 fimbriae. Furthermore, we found that CPS-mediated biofilm inhibition appears to be a common phenomenon among hvKp strains. In summary, by elucidating the dual role of depolymerase in modulating both virulence and biofilm in hvKp, our work reveals a potential interaction between CPS and type 3 fimbriae, providing deeper insights into the pathogenicity of this clinically important bacterium.},
}

@article {pmid42494854,
year = {2026},
author = {Siri, M and Vázquez-Dávila, M and Bidan, CM},
title = {Charged agar surfaces affect E. coli biofilm properties, inducing a trade-off between curli amyloid quantity and quality.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {100382},
pmid = {42494854},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Biofilm extracellular matrix (ECM) varies with environmental conditions and substrate properties. Understanding the surface-biofilm relationship helps to perfect antibacterial strategies and to design new engineered living materials (ELMs). In this work, we studied how cationic and anionic polyelectrolyte coatings affect macroscopic features of Escherichia coli curli-producing biofilms, as well as the properties of their curli amyloid fibers. Cationic coatings limited biofilm spreading, increased their surface density and water absorption, which correlated with a higher yield of curli amyloid fibers with looser structure. In contrast, anionic surfaces allowed for standard biofilm spreading, with a lower fiber yield but a more compact and chemically stable fiber structure. Higher biofilm rigidity and adhesion were measured on both types of charged surfaces. Thus, we propose that the differences in biofilm macroscopic properties result from a trade-off between curli quantity and quality in the ECM, namely fiber density and molecular packing, as well as their interaction with water. Our findings provide insights on how the biophysical properties of the ECM can be controlled by tuning the substrate physico-chemical characteristics with charged coatings. This work opens up new avenues for developing antimicrobial strategies, as well as tailoring the properties of amyloid-based ELMs.},
}

@article {pmid42495379,
year = {2026},
author = {Schelhorn, A and Achhammer, J and Hirsch, D and Walter, JC and Gruber, D and Kissmann, AK and Rosenau, F and Ziener, U},
title = {Contrasting Biofilm-Modulating Effects of Polymeric Quaternary Ammonium Compounds on the Pathogenic Yeasts Candida albicans, Candidozyma auris, and Candida parapsilosis.},
journal = {ACS omega},
volume = {11},
number = {28},
pages = {42061-42075},
pmid = {42495379},
issn = {2470-1343},
abstract = {Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), particularly in polymeric form (polyQACs), offer a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, e.g., via electrostatic membrane interaction. On the other hand, adamantane derivatives are notable for their rigid, lipophilic structure and exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities. In this multidisciplinary study, we report the synthesis of three structurally defined and related polyQACs with and without azaadamantane units differing primarily in hydrophilicity and flexibility. We demonstrate that one of these compounds, poly-(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride) 3, displays biofilm inhibition properties against the pathogenic fungi Candidozyma auris and Candida parapsilosis, whereas the remaining compounds predominantly enhance their biofilm formation. Remarkably, all compounds potentiate the biofilm formation of Candida albicans by up to 838% on glass surfaces and even 26-fold on polystyrene. Despite these substantial effects on biofilm biomass, planktonic cell viability remained unaffected. A tentative model for the structure-property relation between the polyQACs and biofilm formation is proposed. Although further research is needed to fully understand the biofilm-potentiating properties of these polymers, these findings may already pave the way for new diagnostic approaches and innovative treatment strategies.},
}

@article {pmid42496036,
year = {2026},
author = {Monsef, MA and Ingram, WT and Jaworski, J},
title = {Inhibition of indole production and attenuation of reactive oxygen species to reduce biofilm development.},
journal = {Journal of applied biomaterials & functional materials},
volume = {24},
number = {},
pages = {22808000261472676},
doi = {10.1177/22808000261472676},
pmid = {42496036},
issn = {2280-8000},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; *Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; *Indoles/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors ; *Escherichia coli/physiology/metabolism/drug effects ; Tryptophanase/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics ; Tryptophan/pharmacology/analogs & derivatives ; },
abstract = {Bacterial biofilms provide survival mechanisms distinct from free-floating cells. An important mediator of biofilm formation in Escherichia coli (E. coli) is indole, which is formed by tryptophanase. In our study, E. coli biofilm formation was investigated in the context of removing indole production pathways, reducing indole production via a tryptophanase inhibitor (N-acetyl tryptophan), and by supplementing indole. We examined factors including indole production, the extent of biofilm generation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Suppression of indole production by knockout of tryptophanase and by inhibitor-mediated reduction in tryptophanase activity both reduced biofilm formation in E. coli. In addition, there were indications that N-acetyl tryptophan could contribute to the anti-biofilm effect by affecting indole level and also the possibility of modulating ROS levels.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
*Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
*Indoles/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors
*Escherichia coli/physiology/metabolism/drug effects
Tryptophanase/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics
Tryptophan/pharmacology/analogs & derivatives

@article {pmid42496927,
year = {2026},
author = {Celebi, S and Celebi, O and Celebi, D and Baser, S and Dabanlioglu, B and Ektas Kalayci, S and Aslan, S and Islamoglu, F and Taghizadehghalehjoughi, A},
title = {Probiotics as an alternative to eliminate Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm.},
journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek},
volume = {119},
number = {8},
pages = {},
pmid = {42496927},
issn = {1572-9699},
support = {TCD-2023-916//Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University Scientific Research Projects Coordination/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Probiotics/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/physiology ; Humans ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology ; },
abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a clinically important opportunistic pathogen characterized by high antibiotic resistance and strong biofilm-forming capacity, posing a major therapeutic challenge, particularly in immunocompromised patients. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profiles and biofilm-forming abilities of clinical isolates, and to investigate the antibiofilm potential of the probiotic strain Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus. A total of 66 clinical isolates were analyzed, revealing high levels of antibiotic resistance, while 87.9% of isolates demonstrated biofilm-forming capacity. Treatment with L. rhamnosus at 25% and 50% concentrations resulted in significant antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects. MIC and antibiofilm assays indicated that these effects were dose- and cell density-dependent. Scanning electron microscopy analyses confirmed the structural disruption of biofilms following treatment. Furthermore, real-time PCR results demonstrated that the expression levels of key biofilm-associated genes (algD, pelF, pslD, ppgl, and PAPI-1) were reduced by more than 50%. Importantly, this study provides evidence that L. rhamnosus can effectively inhibit both biofilm formation and biofilm-associated gene expression in multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates, highlighting its potential as a promising alternative or adjunctive biocontrol strategy against biofilm-related infections. These findings contribute to the growing body of research on probiotic-based approaches targeting antimicrobial resistance and biofilm-associated pathogenicity.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/genetics/isolation & purification
*Probiotics/pharmacology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/physiology
Humans
Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology

@article {pmid42479250,
year = {2026},
author = {Pollumahanti, N and Barbuddhe, SB and Rawool, DB and Srikanth, K},
title = {Comparative characterization of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from plant and animal-derived foods for their virulence, biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {208},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42479250},
issn = {1432-072X},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Listeria monocytogenes/drug effects/isolation & purification/pathogenicity/genetics/physiology ; Animals ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Virulence ; *Food Microbiology ; Listeriosis/microbiology ; India ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; },
abstract = {Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes is an important emerging foodborne disease worldwide and possesses remarkable environmental adaptability, enabling its evolution under diverse host and environmental conditions. To address this, the present study investigated the occurrence, virulence potential, biofilm-forming ability, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of L. monocytogenes isolated from animal- and plant-derived foods collected from four states of India during 2023-2025. A total of 941 food samples, comprising animal-derived foods (n = 690) and plant-derived foods (n = 251), were analyzed using EN ISO 11290-1:2017 protocols, VITEK[®] 2 identification, and duplex PCR confirmation. Overall, 21 isolates (2.23%) were confirmed as L. monocytogenes, with higher positivity observed in plant-derived foods (3.59%) compared to animal-derived foods (1.74%). All isolates harboured major virulence-associated genes (plcA, prfA, hlyA, actA, and inlC). Animal-derived isolates exhibited significantly higher virulence characteristics, including stronger hemolytic activity, earlier PI-PLC expression, and greater lethality in the G. mellonella larvae compared to plant-derived isolates. Biofilm biomass also increased significantly with incubation time in both groups of isolates; however, the magnitude of biofilm formation differed significantly (p = 0.001) between the two groups of isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed multidrug resistance among isolates from both sources; however, plant-derived isolates exhibited a more uniform resistance pattern, while animal-derived isolates showed greater variability. The findings highlight that the source of isolation of L. monocytogenes plays a significant role in shaping the virulence, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of the isolates, and hence warrant studies to understand how environmental and host-specific conditions can influence the adaptive evolution and pathogenic potential of microbial isolates.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Listeria monocytogenes/drug effects/isolation & purification/pathogenicity/genetics/physiology
Animals
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Virulence
*Food Microbiology
Listeriosis/microbiology
India
Virulence Factors/genetics
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Bacterial Proteins/genetics

@article {pmid42479334,
year = {2026},
author = {Uzair, B and Abbasi, Z and Fasim, F and Alam, S and Obeng, AS and Tian, F},
title = {Biogenic chitosan-encapsulated Cu/ZnO nanocomposite surface coating inhibits MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm establishment on orthopedic implants.},
journal = {Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society},
volume = {34},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {42479334},
issn = {1319-0164},
abstract = {Orthopedic implant-associated infections (IAIs), predominantly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, represent a major clinical challenge due to antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation, which together contribute to their chronic nature. This research presents a biogenic biofilm-resistant chitosan encapsulated Cu/ZnO nanocoating (CS-Cu/ZnO NC) synthesized using Euphorbia thymofolia metabolites and applied on orthopedic implant surface (Tubular bone locked stainless steel plates). The synthesized CS-Cu/ZnO NCs were characterized physicochemically (UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM) and biologically (antibacterial, antibiofilm, antivirulence, hemolysis and cytotoxicity). Microstructural analysis using UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed the successful synthesis, crystallinity and integration of Cu/ZnO into the chitosan matrix. SEM confirmed that a thin uniform coating was formed by the layer-by-layer method compared to the conventional dip coating method. CS-Cu/ZnO NCs at MIC level (4 µg/mL) reduced virulence traits of MDR P. aeruginosa, such as motility behavior, pyocyanin production, and biofilm production by 90%, which is important for pathogenicity. These coatings demonstrated remarkable antibacterial efficacy (34 ± 1 mm), achieving a 90% reduction in P. aeruginosa populations within 4 h with 5% of Cu/ZnO NCs while exhibiting minimal cytotoxicity (< 5%) on osteoblast cell lines at the concentration range (6-10 µg/mL). Additionally, this coating stops the adhesion of P. aeruginosa biofilms on implant surfaces due to the adhesive and antimicrobial properties of chitosan and Cu/ZnO. This study demonstrates the potential of biogenic CS-Cu/ZnO NCs nanocoatings as an antibiofilm surface engineering strategy to address current limitations in preventing MDR biofilm-associated orthopedic implant infections.},
}

@article {pmid42480175,
year = {2026},
author = {Braga, AS and Dos Santos Araujo, KC and Alves da Silva, LR and de Paula Almeida, G and de Castro Rocha, AF and Pessôa, AS and Saldanha, LL and Kim, RR and de Souza, BM and de Oliveira, RC and Esteves-Oliveira, M and Ribeiro, AA and Magalhães, AC},
title = {Antimicrobial and anticaries effects of Malva sylvestris associated or not with fluoride/xylitol under a microcosm biofilm model.},
journal = {Archives of oral biology},
volume = {190},
number = {},
pages = {106695},
doi = {10.1016/j.archoralbio.2026.106695},
pmid = {42480175},
issn = {1879-1506},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effects of different combinations of Malva sylvestris on colony-forming unit (CFU) counts and microbiome in a microcosm biofilm, fibroblast cytotoxicity, and reduction of tooth demineralization.

DESIGN: Samples were assigned to nine groups (n = 12): Malva sylvestris (2.5%); M. sylvestris + 5% xylitol; M. sylvestris + fluoride (0.0225%); M. sylvestris + xylitol + fluoride; xylitol; fluoride; M. sylvestris in a commercial product (Malvatricin Plus®); chlorhexidine (0.12%); and PBS. Plant metabolites were extracted by percolation. A microcosm biofilm model was applied, and from the 2[nd] to the 5[th] day, samples were treated with the solutions for 1 min. CFU counts were performed for Streptococcus mutans/S. sobrinus, Lactobacillus spp., and Candida albicans. Biofilm samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) and QIIME. Cytotoxicity of M. sylvestris (0.08-2%) was assessed on human gingival fibroblasts, and demineralization was quantified by transverse microradiography.

RESULTS: M. sylvestris (2%) showed lower cytotoxicity than chlorhexidine. The combination of M. sylvestris and xylitol reduced S. mutans counts in dentin biofilm by 1 log10/mL compared with PBS (p = 0.03), but not in enamel biofilm. Biofilms treated with M. sylvestris showed microbial communities similar to the negative control. However, the extract combined with fluoride and xylitol significantly reduced enamel demineralization compared with PBS (p < 0.0001), but not dentin demineralization.

CONCLUSION: Malva sylvestris extract combined with fluoride and xylitol showed some antimicrobial and anticaries effects in vitro.},
}

@article {pmid42483091,
year = {2026},
author = {Abebe, GM},
title = {Biofilm Formation on Indwelling Medical Devices: A Review of Health and Economic Implications.},
journal = {International journal of microbiology},
volume = {2026},
number = {},
pages = {3474643},
pmid = {42483091},
issn = {1687-918X},
abstract = {Indwelling medical devices represent an impressive stride in modern surgical practice and are widely used in procedures that support the body's natural physiological functions. The global demand for these devices has surged, primarily driven by a range of clinical and demographic factors. However, their widespread use also carries risks, as foreign devices can introduce pathogens into the body during surgery and implantation. Shortly after implantation, host-derived conditioning films rapidly coat the device surface, creating a foundation for bacterial attachment and subsequent biofilm formation. Biofilms are complex communities of microbial cells embedded within extracellular polysaccharide matrices on device surfaces. Bacteria within biofilms exhibit high resistance to antibiotics and host immune defenses, posing significant challenges for detection and diagnosis, largely due to the protective structural barrier and associated physiological changes. Biofilm-associated device infections are persistent, chronic, and difficult to treat, often leading to treatment failure and recurrent infections. Recurring device-related infections and repeated surgical interventions impose severe pain and substantial financial burdens on patients. Moreover, biofilms can induce device "corrosion," compromising biocompatibility with surrounding tissues and shortening implant lifespan. Overall, bacterial attachment and biofilm formation on medical devices are notorious problems, causing device-associated infections, device malfunction, and significant economic losses. Therefore, this review is aimed at providing an overview of biofilm formation on indwelling medical devices and its implications on health and economy.},
}

@article {pmid42485984,
year = {2026},
author = {Duportal, M and Manta, T and Colin, B and Sablé, S and Vincent, J and Refait, P and Jeannin, M},
title = {From protection to degradation: Roseovarius sp. biofilm-modified corrosion mechanisms in marine environment.},
journal = {Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
volume = {173},
number = {},
pages = {109393},
doi = {10.1016/j.bioelechem.2026.109393},
pmid = {42485984},
issn = {1878-562X},
abstract = {This study shows that the marine bacterial strain, Roseovarius sp., known for forming thick biofilms in marine environment, can have different effects linked to the respective corrosion mechanisms of the studied materials. The biofilm seems to provide significant protection for steels sensitive to general corrosion, where the limiting factor is the cathodic reaction of oxygen reduction. In contrast, stainless steels, which normally exhibit good electrochemical properties, show a degradation of those properties in presence of the biofilm. These steels are subject to localised corrosion, and the limiting factor is often the low reactivity of their dense, chromium-enriched oxide layer. Our results from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) suggest a shift of the behaviour to a significant increase in pitting susceptibility. After a certain period of biofilm development, the charge transfer resistance becomes similar to that measured on carbon steel after the same exposure time. Despite the differences in corrosion mechanisms, it appears that the presence of the bacterial biofilm on both types of steel leads them to the same limiting factor.},
}

@article {pmid42487116,
year = {2026},
author = {Elnaggar, AI and Fahmy, AE and Hanafi, NF and Aboulgheit, S},
title = {Assessment of biofilm resistance, degree of conversion, and mechanical properties of nanomodified 3D-printed orthodontic clear aligner (in-vitro study).},
journal = {BMC oral health},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42487116},
issn = {1472-6831},
mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Surface Properties ; Flexural Strength ; Hardness ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Materials Testing ; Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Chitosan/chemistry ; *Orthodontic Appliances, Removable/microbiology ; Streptococcus mutans ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Three-dimensional (3D)-printed orthodontic clear aligners represent a paradigm shift in malocclusion management; however, they remain susceptible to bacterial biofilm accumulation. Therefore, modification strategies that enhance resistance to biofilm accumulation without compromising mechanical performance are required. This study evaluated biofilm resistance, degree of conversion (DC%), flexural strength (FS), and surface microhardness (VHN) of commercially available 3D-printed clear aligner resin (CR) modified with nanozeolite (NZ) and chitosan nanoparticles (Chs NPs).

METHODS: A total of 432 3D-printed specimens were fabricated and allocated into six groups: Group I (control): CR; Group II: (CR + 0.25 wt% NZ); Group III: (CR + 0.5 wt% NZ); Group IV: (CR + 0.25 wt% Chs NPs); Group V: (CR + 0.5 wt% Chs NPs); and Group VI (hybrid): (CR + 0.25 wt% NZ + 0.25 wt% Chs NPs). Surface topography and chemical characterization were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for DC%. Biofilm resistance against Streptococcus mutans was assessed using a crystal violet assay by measuring optical density (OD) after 48-hour and 14-day incubation periods. FS and VHN were evaluated using a universal testing machine and a Vickers microhardness tester, respectively. All properties were evaluated before and after 14-day aging. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and independent samples t-test with Bonferroni adjustment (α = 0.05).

RESULTS: Two-way ANOVA indicated that the interaction between nanoparticle content and aging significantly influenced the DC%, OD, FS, and VHN values (p < 0.001). The 0.25 wt% NZ group showed the lowest OD after 48 h, whereas the 0.5 wt% NZ group showed the lowest OD after 14 days. The hybrid group demonstrated the highest FS and VHN values before and after aging. DC% values remained comparable among most groups, except for the 0.5 wt% Chs NPs group, which exhibited significantly lower DC% values before aging. Overall, the 0.5 wt% NZ group demonstrated the most favorable balance between reduced biofilm biomass and mechanical performance.

CONCLUSIONS: Nanoparticle incorporation improves the functional properties of 3D-printed clear aligners. NZ-containing groups reduced Streptococcus mutans biofilm biomass while preserving acceptable mechanical performance, suggesting potential for development of biofilm-resistant aligner materials.},
}

*Biofilms
*Printing, Three-Dimensional
Surface Properties
Flexural Strength
Hardness
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Materials Testing
Nanoparticles/chemistry
Chitosan/chemistry
*Orthodontic Appliances, Removable/microbiology
Streptococcus mutans
Humans
In Vitro Techniques

@article {pmid42487698,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, R and Mo, E and Wen, J and Chen, G and Mo, J and Xu, J and Chen, W},
title = {Identification of key targets driving biofilm formation and virtual screening of potential inhibitors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1867561},
pmid = {42487698},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a member of the "ESKAPE" pathogens, possesses a robust ability to form biofilms-a key factor that contributes to its antibiotic resistance and poses significant challenges for clinical management. Identifying potential therapeutic targets through bioinformatic analysis of genomic data is therefore critical for developing more effective treatment strategies.

METHODS: In this study, five gene expression datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus were integrated to investigate transcriptional differences between planktonic and biofilm-associated P. aeruginosa populations. R was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), to determine significant co-expression modules. Overlapping genes between the DEGs and WGCNA-derived modules were subsequently analyzed to screen for robust hub genes using three machine-learning algorithms: Random Forest, Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination, and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator. Their diagnostic performance and discriminative ability were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis and boxplot visualization. Furthermore, a systematic literature review was conducted to examine the relationship between P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and host immune status, enabling a preliminary assessment of associations between the identified biomarkers and immune cell infiltration. Finally, potential inhibitory compounds were screened from an FDA-approved drug library, validated through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, and subjected to RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis to assess their effects on biofilm-forming P. aeruginosa.

RESULTS: By intersecting the key module genes with the DEGs, a total of 25 overlapping genes were identified, among which wspA emerged as a candidate hub gene functionally associated with P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. Virtual screening revealed that DL-menthol exhibits a strong and stable binding affinity toward the wspA protein. RNA-seq further confirmed its significant effects on P. aeruginosa during active biofilm formation, with wspA representing a major responsive target. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into therapeutic strategies for biofilm-associated infections, highlight the potential clinical utility of wspA inhibitors, and offer a foundation for developing more effective intervention strategies.},
}

@article {pmid42487700,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, Z and Li, X and Liu, L and Liu, Q and Guan, D and Zhu, Z and Cao, M},
title = {Inhibitory effects of Quercetagetin on the growth, biofilm formation, and virulence factors of bovine mastitis-associated Escherichia coli.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1820626},
pmid = {42487700},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Bovine mastitis caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) poses a significant challenge to the dairy industry, primarily due to biofilm-mediated antibiotic tolerance.

METHODS: This study investigated the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of Quercetagetin (QG), a natural flavonoid, against highly virulent and multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli isolates, rigorously screened and selected from a large clinical cohort of 136 bovine mastitis cases.

RESULTS: QG exhibited potent antibacterial activity with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.5 to 1 mg/mL. Notably, QG not only prevented initial biofilm formation (Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration; MBIC = 0.5 mg/mL) but also effectively eradicated mature biofilms at a low concentration (Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration; MBEC = 1 mg/mL). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) confirmed that QG disrupted biofilm architecture, stripped away the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), and induced bacterial cell lysis. Phenotypic assays revealed that QG significantly (P < 0.0001) suppressed swimming, swarming, and twitching motilities and inhibited the synthesis of cellulose and poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PGA). Mechanistically, qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that QG downregulated the expression of flagellar genes (fliA, fliG) and the master biofilm regulator csgD.

DISCUSSION: Given that the transcription of these genes is positively regulated by the second messenger cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), these transcriptional findings support a hypothesis consistent with c-di-GMP pathway involvement, suggesting that QG may impair biofilm integrity by modulating components of this downstream regulatory network. Collectively, these results suggest QG as a promising non-antibiotic candidate compound for controlling E. coli mastitis.},
}

@article {pmid42479247,
year = {2026},
author = {Fayyazi, A and Ahmadi, A},
title = {Correlation between the expression of the lasR quorum‑sensing gene, biofilm‑related genes, and exotoxin A in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates: a Rep-PCR-based fingerprinting analysis.},
journal = {Molecular biology reports},
volume = {53},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42479247},
issn = {1573-4978},
mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *Quorum Sensing/genetics ; *Exotoxins/genetics/metabolism ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A ; *Trans-Activators/genetics/metabolism ; *Bacterial Toxins/genetics/metabolism ; *ADP Ribose Transferases/genetics/metabolism ; Iran ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Humans ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; DNA Fingerprinting/methods ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study investigates the relationship between quorum sensing genes (lasR), biofilm-related genes (algD and pslD), and the virulence gene (toxA) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a major opportunistic pathogen known for its increasing antibiotic resistance.

METHODS AND RESULTS: Our study was conducted on 100 P. aeruginosa strains isolated from 4 selected hospitals in Tehran, Iran. The antimicrobial test was determined using the disk diffusion method. Biofilm formation was tested on all isolates using the phenotypic method. The presence of lasR, algD, pslD and toxA genes was detected using PCR and confirmed through sequencing. The expression levels of the genes were measured using the real-time PCR. Isolates were typed by Rep-PCR at an 80% similarity level. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 34% of isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR). Biofilm formation was observed in 78% of isolates. PCR analysis showed a high prevalence of lasR (80%), algD (88%), and toxA (83%), while pslD was detected in 42% of isolates. The co-occurrence of all genes was noted in 23 isolates, 22 of which were biofilm producers. Real-time PCR confirmed elevated expression of these genes in biofilm-producing isolates. Finally, Rep-PCR fingerprinting analysis revealed preliminary clonal relatedness patterns among 22 selected isolates, which were categorized into 4 common types (CT) and 14 single types (ST).

CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the relationship between Las quorum‑sensing system (specifically lasR), biofilm formation, and exotoxin A production in P. aeruginosa, underscoring the need for targeted strategies to combat MDR mediated bacterial infections.},
}

*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics/isolation & purification
*Biofilms/growth & development
*Quorum Sensing/genetics
*Exotoxins/genetics/metabolism
*Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A
*Trans-Activators/genetics/metabolism
*Bacterial Toxins/genetics/metabolism
*ADP Ribose Transferases/genetics/metabolism
Iran
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Humans
Virulence Factors/genetics
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/genetics
Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
DNA Fingerprinting/methods
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics

@article {pmid42476400,
year = {2026},
author = {Sun, Q and Zhang, L and Yang, L and Peng, Y},
title = {Suspended sludge-Biofilm Niche Cooperation Enables Stable Mainstream Nitrogen Removal via Mixotrophic Partial Denitrification coupled with Anammox.},
journal = {Environmental research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {125280},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.125280},
pmid = {42476400},
issn = {1096-0953},
abstract = {The sustainable application of partial denitrification/anammox (PD/A) under mainstream wastewater conditions depends critically on relieving the strong competition between heterotrophic and autotrophic microorganisms for substrates and ecological space. In this study, ferrous sulfide (FeS) was employed as a biofilm carrier to establish a mixotrophic PD/A (MPD/A), which maintained a total nitrogen removal efficiency of 90.25% under fluctuating organic carbon conditions in mainstream wastewater. To elucidate how niche differentiation between suspended sludge and biofilms supports synergistic nitrogen removal, community composition and predicted functional genes were analyzed to resolve the coexistence and division of labor of key microorganisms. The results showed that FeS, protein-like EPS, and multiple functional microbial populations jointly supported biofilm establishment and stability, enabling the preferential retention and enrichment of anammox bacteria (AnAOB) (14.09%), autotrophic denitrifiers, and other microorganisms involved in synergistic nitrogen removal. Together with suspended sludge, biofilms formed a cooperative nitrogen removal network integrating autotrophic and heterotrophic partial denitrification, complete denitrification, and anammox. Functional gene responses further revealed that autotrophic and heterotrophic partial denitrification within the biofilm sustained NO2[-]-N supply, while FeS strengthened electron transfer and growth metabolism in AnAOB, thereby enhancing nitrogen removal kinetics and process stability. These findings provide a new strategy for expanding the ecological niche of anammox in mainstream denitrification tanks and a practical basis for the stable retention, enrichment, and sustained functional expression of AnAOB.},
}

@article {pmid42476456,
year = {2026},
author = {Monge, VR and Anjum, N and Nam, SH and Park, N},
title = {Sucrose laurate as a biofilm-modifying adjunct for cleaning-in-place chemical control of Escherichia coli K-12 biofilms.},
journal = {Journal of food protection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {100867},
doi = {10.1016/j.jfp.2026.100867},
pmid = {42476456},
issn = {1944-9097},
abstract = {Biofilms on food processing surfaces can persist despite cleaning and sanitation, creating a need for adjunct strategies that improve biofilm control without replacing existing cleaning-in-place systems. This study evaluated sucrose laurate (SL), a sugar-based fatty acid ester, as a biofilm-modifying adjunct for selected CIP-related chemicals against Escherichia coli K-12 biofilms. The MICs of SL, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), and nitric acid (HNO3) were determined by broth microdilution, and biofilm inhibition and eradication of preformed biofilms were assessed using static 96-well microplate assays with crystal violet staining. SL showed limited planktonic inhibition, with an MIC greater than 5000 µg/mL, whereas the MICs of NaOCl, NaOH, H3PO4, and HNO3 were 62.5 µg/mL, 1250 µg/mL, 2500 µg/mL, and 2500 µg/mL, respectively. SL did not reduce the MICs of the tested CIP-related chemicals. However, SL strongly inhibited biofilm formation at concentrations far below its planktonic MIC, reducing residual biofilm biomass by more than 90% at 50 µg/mL and 25 µg/mL. In contrast, SL alone showed limited eradication of preformed biofilms, indicating that its activity differed between biofilm formation and established biofilm biomass. In combined biofilm inhibition assays, fixed low concentrations of SL (6.3 µg/mL and 12.5 µg/mL) enhanced biofilm inhibition under selected combined treatment conditions, and the response varied by CIP-related chemical and concentration. In eradication assays, SL fixed at 2500 µg/mL supported selected CIP-related treatments, with NaOCl-SL combinations maintaining residual biofilm biomass near the blank-corrected baseline and NaOH-SL combinations generally reducing residual biofilm biomass to approximately 10 to 15% of the untreated control. These findings suggest that SL functions as a biofilm-modifying adjunct rather than as a strong planktonic antibacterial agent against E. coli K-12.},
}

@article {pmid42476457,
year = {2026},
author = {Dass, SC and Palanisamy, V and Bosilevac, JM and Wang, R},
title = {Identifying Environmental Allies: Dual-Species Biofilm Formation Enhances E. coli O157:H7 Stress Tolerance and Post-Sanitization Survival.},
journal = {Journal of food protection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {100868},
doi = {10.1016/j.jfp.2026.100868},
pmid = {42476457},
issn = {1944-9097},
abstract = {Biofilm formation may lead to meat product contamination. It has been shown that via mixed biofilm formation, the environmental microbial communities may enhance E. coli O157:H7 sanitizer tolerance. To understand how interspecies interactions would influence E. coli O157:H7 colonization and stress tolerance, individual environmental bacterial species were isolated from floor drain samples collected at three beef plants with different E. coli O157:H7 prevalence rates. Forty-two bacterial strains spanning 16 genera and 31 species were isolated, including Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Bacillus, Carnobacterium, Niallia, and Priestia, etc. Biofilm forming ability was highly strain-dependent; seventeen of the forty-two isolates produced significant biofilms. The strong biofilm-producing strains, along with selected weak biofilm forming strains (n=10) representing diverse genera and species, were each examined for dual-species biofilm formation with an E. coli O157:H7 strain. Dual-species biofilms were established either through simultaneous co-inoculation of both strains or by sequential inoculation, wherein E. coli O157:H7 was introduced onto a solid surface pre-colonized by one of the environmental isolates. The mixed biofilms were then treated with sanitizers quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) or chlorine, and post-sanitization survival of E. coli O157:H7 was measured. The results demonstrated that the E. coli O157:H7 strain was able to colonize and form mixed biofilms with all the tested environmental strains under both experimental conditions. The diverse natural companion strains exerted distinct impacts on E. coli O157:H7 surface colonization and stress tolerance within the dual-species biofilms. Notably, pre-colonization by five and two strong and weak biofilm forming strains, respectively, significantly enhanced E. coli O157:H7 surface colonization compared to its single-strain biofilm, whereas co-culturing with six other strong biofilm formers significantly reduced E. coli O157:H7 colonization. Multiple environmental strains conferred protection to E. coli O157:H7 against QAC and chlorine sanitization, with the protective effect being species-dependent rather than genus-restricted. Given that meat processing facilities harbor a diverse array of environmental bacterial species, the presence of certain strains capable of promoting pathogen colonization and conferring enhanced stress tolerance may contribute to increased pathogen persistence and contamination risk. This study underscores the importance of species-specific microbial interactions in shaping pathogen survival and may have potential applications for leveraging such interactions in biofilm detection, prevention, and control.},
}

@article {pmid42477332,
year = {2026},
author = {Sugimoto, S and Hara, K and Taketomi, Y and Nagasaki, Y and Sato, C and Murakami, M and Kinjo, Y},
title = {Lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol promotes cell-to-cell contact and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus as a biofilm matrix component.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41522-026-01105-5},
pmid = {42477332},
issn = {2055-5008},
support = {JP15H05619//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; JPMJER1502//Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology/ ; JPMJFR2209//Japan Science and Technology Agency/ ; JP26gm6910026//AMED-Prime/ ; JP23gm1210013//AMED-CREST/ ; },
abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus biofilms contribute significantly to persistent infections and antibiotic resistance, supported by a complex extracellular matrix. While their proteins, polysaccharides, and extracellular DNA have been well studied, the role of phospholipids in biofilm architecture remains underexplored. Here, we identify extracellular phospholipids within the biofilm matrix, particularly lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (Lys-PG), as critical structural elements in S. aureus biofilms. Bacterial phospholipase A1 (PLA1), which hydrolyzes phospholipid acyl ester bonds, effectively dispersed pre-formed biofilms and prevented biofilm formation by hydrolyzing extracellular phospholipids, without affecting bacterial growth or exhibiting cytotoxicity. Microscopic analyses revealed that PLA1 disrupts membranous nanostructures integral to biofilm stability. Lipidomic analysis demonstrated an enrichment of Lys-PG with specific fatty acid species within the biofilm matrix and confirmed their hydrolysis by PLA1. Mechanistically, Lys-PG promotes bacterial aggregation by acting as a molecular glue through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Deletion of mprF, responsible for Lys-PG synthesis, markedly impaired biofilm formation. These findings uncover a previously unrecognized structural role of extracellular phospholipids in biofilm architecture and suggest that targeting Lys-PG and its biosynthetic pathway represents a promising strategy for biofilm control.},
}

@article {pmid42478350,
year = {2026},
author = {Su, X and Zhang, Q and Song, T and Xiao, X and Dong, F and Shen, C and Sun, F},
title = {Salinity and Phenol-Induced VBNC State of Quorum-Quenching Bacterium and Its Resuscitation Strategies for Biofilm Control in Industrial Wastewater Treatment.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology},
volume = {28},
number = {7},
pages = {e70388},
doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.70388},
pmid = {42478350},
issn = {1462-2920},
support = {52470094//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42277025//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; LY21D010006//Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province/ ; },
mesh = {*Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Wastewater/microbiology ; Salinity ; *Phenol/pharmacology ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; },
abstract = {Quorum quenching (QQ) is an effective biological strategy for mitigating membrane biofouling in membrane bioreactors (MBRs), yet the persistence of QQ bacteria under harsh industrial wastewater conditions remains poorly understood. Here, the induction, resuscitation and functional recovery of the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state in the efficient QQ bacterium Brucella sp. ZJ1 was investigated under salinity and combined phenol-salinity stress. Combined stress markedly accelerated VBNC formation (36 h vs. 10 days under salinity alone) and caused greater oxidative damage, metabolic suppression, structural deterioration and loss of QQ activity. Salinity-induced VBNC cells recovered following stress removal, whereas phenol-salinity-induced cells required resuscitation-promoting factor (Rpf) for efficient revival. Rpf-mediated resuscitation substantially restored both QQ activity and biofilm inhibition capacity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that VBNC formation was accompanied by coordinated repression of genes involved in central metabolism, DNA replication and protein biosynthesis, together with activation of osmotic adaptation, membrane transport, quorum sensing and oxidative stress response pathways. These findings demonstrate that the VBNC state is an active adaptive strategy that preserves the potential for functional recovery and provides new insights for improving the antifouling performance of QQ-based MBR systems treating high-strength industrial wastewater.},
}

*Quorum Sensing/drug effects
*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Wastewater/microbiology
Salinity
*Phenol/pharmacology
Bioreactors/microbiology
Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics

@article {pmid42478527,
year = {2026},
author = {Lou, R and Wang, Z and Cui, Y and Xu, L and Liu, M and Sun, J and Dong, B},
title = {A Solution to Nanozyme Inefficiency: Ultrasound-Enhanced and Biofilm-Targeted Catalytic Therapy for Eradicating Bacterial Infections.},
journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e74646},
doi = {10.1002/smll.74646},
pmid = {42478527},
issn = {1613-6829},
support = {52272080//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 20200201506JC//Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province/ ; },
abstract = {The inherent limitations of conventional nanozymes, particularly their suboptimal catalytic activity, severely restrict their efficacy against resilient bacterial biofilms. In response, an Au-Bi bimetallic nanozyme-based sonosensitizer (Bi2O3@AuBi-arg/4-MPBA, BABa4), which harnesses ultrasound (US) to power a multi-modal antibacterial strategy, is engineered. The platform is constructed by loading the NO donor L-arginine (L-arg) onto a mesoporous Bi2O3@AuBi (BAB) bimetallic nanozyme and modifying its surface with a bacterial-targeting ligand 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (4-MPBA). Under US irradiation, Bi2O3 acts as an efficient sonosensitizer, generating electron-hole pairs, which not only produce singlet oxygen but also transfer to the AuBi nanozyme, markedly enhancing its POD-like activity and creating a synergistic ROS storm. Concurrently, the US-triggered release of nitric oxide from L-arg degrades the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of biofilms by regulating cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) levels. This multifaceted approach, combining sonodynamic therapy, US-enhanced nanozyme catalysis, and NO-mediated biofilm dispersion, demonstrates potent antibacterial activity and promotes effective wound healing, presenting a robust strategy for combating resistant bacterial infections.},
}

@article {pmid42470569,
year = {2026},
author = {Song, SH and Lee, EB},
title = {Repeated sub-MIC exposure and biofilm derivation are associated with resistance development and reduced bactericidal susceptibility in Aeromonas hydrophila KCTC 2358.},
journal = {Molecular biology reports},
volume = {53},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42470569},
issn = {1573-4978},
support = {RS-2025-00523220//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; },
mesh = {*Aeromonas hydrophila/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods ; Oxytetracycline/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics/drug effects ; Animals ; Thiamphenicol/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Enrofloxacin/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Repeated exposure to sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of antimicrobials can impose selective pressure on bacterial pathogens, potentially promoting adaptive responses beyond classical resistance. This study investigated whether sequential sub-MIC exposure, followed by biofilm derivation, is associated with resistance development and phenotypes consistent with reduced bactericidal susceptibility in Aeromonas hydrophila KCTC 2358.

METHODS AND RESULTS: A parental population (R0) was subjected to ten cycles of sub-MIC exposure to generate an adapted population (R10), followed by biofilm derivation. Antimicrobial susceptibility, growth kinetics, post-antibiotic effect (PAE), INT reduction activity, biofilm formation, and gene expression were evaluated under oxytetracycline, florfenicol, and enrofloxacin. Serial sub-MIC exposure resulted in stepwise increases in minimum inhibitory concentration and disproportionate increases in minimum bactericidal concentration, leading to elevated MBC/MIC ratios. Biofilm-derived populations exhibited further increases in bactericidal thresholds and sustained growth under high antimicrobial concentrations. Time-kill and PAE analyses revealed reduced growth suppression and accelerated regrowth, with consistently negative PAE observed in biofilm-derived R10 populations. Population-level INT reduction activity remained higher under antimicrobial stress. Notably, high oxytetracycline concentrations led to an increase in residual biofilm biomass, suggesting retention of biofilm-associated material rather than definitive evidence of tolerant subpopulations or a classical Eagle effect.

CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these findings indicate that repeated sub-MIC exposure and biofilm-associated growth are associated with reduced bactericidal susceptibility and increased residual biofilm biomass. These findings provide a proof-of-concept laboratory observation that subinhibitory antimicrobial exposure may contribute to reduced susceptibility-associated phenotypes, highlighting the need for further validation using multiple A. hydrophila strains and aquaculture-derived isolates.},
}

*Aeromonas hydrophila/drug effects/genetics/physiology
*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods
Oxytetracycline/pharmacology
*Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics/drug effects
Animals
Thiamphenicol/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology
Enrofloxacin/pharmacology

@article {pmid42470823,
year = {2026},
author = {Grini, FE and Tayane, S and Gaber, J and Abouzoul, W},
title = {Computational spatial transcriptomic re-analysis reveals biofilm-depth-dependent compartmentalization of SOS-associated and DNA-repair transcriptional programs in Escherichia coli.},
journal = {Computational biology and chemistry},
volume = {124},
number = {Pt 2},
pages = {109231},
doi = {10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2026.109231},
pmid = {42470823},
issn = {1476-928X},
abstract = {Biofilms are spatially structured microbial communities in which local physiological conditions vary across depth, potentially shaping DNA stress responses, repair pathways, and genome-plasticity-associated cellular states. However, the spatial organization of these transcriptional programs within individual bacterial biofilms remains poorly understood. Here, we re-analyzed public RAINBOW-seq spatial transcriptomic data from Escherichia coli BW25113 biofilms (GSE197541) using a curated 73-gene panel encompassing SOS response, stress response, biofilm matrix, conjugation- and competence-associated proxy genes, housekeeping controls, and metabolic reference genes. Because sequencing depth was spatially biased across biofilm depth, all analyses were performed using TMM-normalized logCPM expression values. Twenty genes displayed significant spatial gradients after false-discovery-rate correction. SOS-associated genes did not behave as a single spatially uniform module. Instead, DNA repair and damage-tolerance genes, including uvrA, uvrB, dinB, and sbmC, were enriched toward the biofilm interior, whereas ruvC, encoding a Holliday junction resolvase, was enriched toward the periphery. Module-level analyses confirmed this spatial dichotomy, which remained robust in leave-one-biofilm-out analyses. Beyond SOS-associated functions, broader categories also exhibited depth-dependent polarization. General stress genes were predominantly interior enriched, whereas several metabolic genes were peripheral enriched. Candidate housekeeping genes were not uniformly spatially invariant, with rpoD and gapA displaying significant but opposing spatial gradients. These findings demonstrate that DNA repair-, stress-response-, and genome-plasticity-associated transcriptional states are spatially compartmentalized within E. coli biofilms rather than being uniformly distributed throughout the community. The results also highlight the importance of validating reference genes in spatial transcriptomic studies of structured microbial systems.},
}

@article {pmid42471776,
year = {2026},
author = {Alqahtani, SS and Abusrewil, S and Baradwan, O and Alshanta, OA and Kean, R and McLean, W and Brown, JL and Nile, CJ},
title = {Interkingdom Endodontic Biofilm Supernatant Induces a Biphasic Inflammatory and Metabolic Transcriptional Response in Dental Pulp Stem Cells In Vitro.},
journal = {Clinical and experimental dental research},
volume = {12},
number = {4},
pages = {e70417},
pmid = {42471776},
issn = {2057-4347},
support = {//British Society for Oral and Dental Research/ ; //NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; Humans ; *Dental Pulp/cytology/microbiology/metabolism ; *Stem Cells/metabolism ; Porphyromonas gingivalis/physiology ; Fusobacterium nucleatum/physiology ; Streptococcus gordonii/physiology ; Candida albicans/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Transcriptome ; Inflammation ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To investigate how soluble byproducts derived from a four-species endodontic biofilm model impact the viability, transcriptomic profile, and inflammatory response of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs).

METHODS: A sterile-filtered supernatant was extracted from an established interkingdom endodontic biofilm model comprising Streptococcus gordonii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Candida albicans. DPSCs were exposed to the microbial biofilm supernatant (BSN) for 4 and 24 h. Cellular responses were evaluated via MTT, CCK-8, LDH assays, and Annexin V/PI staining. Transcriptomic sequencing was performed to assess gene expression dynamics, with GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. IL6 and IL8 expression was validated by qPCR and ELISA. Data were analyzed using t-tests/ANOVA and RNA-seq differential expression using DESeq. 2 with FDR adjustment.

RESULTS: BSN significantly suppressed DPSC metabolic activity without inducing apoptosis or necrosis. RNA-seq revealed 723 significantly differentially expressed genes at 4 h and 1667 at 24 h. Early responses were dominated by upregulation of inflammatory mediators, with enrichment of TNF, NF-κB, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. At 24 h, the expression profile shifted toward redox regulation and metabolic suppression, including downregulation of glycolytic and purine metabolism pathways. IL6 and IL8 expression was markedly increased at both transcript and protein levels.

CONCLUSIONS: Soluble factors produced by a biofilm model representative of deep caries and carious pulp exposures induce a time-dependent transcriptional response in DPSCs. This response is characterized by a biphasic pattern of early immune activation followed by later transcriptional metabolic adaptation. These findings highlight the capacity of soluble biofilm-derived products associated with deep caries to modulate DPSC immune-metabolic signaling. They further emphasize the importance of vital pulp therapy strategies that not only target microorganisms but also account for their secreted byproducts.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
Humans
*Dental Pulp/cytology/microbiology/metabolism
*Stem Cells/metabolism
Porphyromonas gingivalis/physiology
Fusobacterium nucleatum/physiology
Streptococcus gordonii/physiology
Candida albicans/physiology
Cells, Cultured
Transcriptome
Inflammation

@article {pmid42472684,
year = {2026},
author = {Su, D and Chen, Y},
title = {Advances in modification strategies for polymer-based biocarriers in biofilm wastewater treatment.},
journal = {Preparative biochemistry & biotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-13},
doi = {10.1080/10826068.2026.2689403},
pmid = {42472684},
issn = {1532-2297},
abstract = {Biofilm technology is an effective biological wastewater treatment method that has attracted significant attention. As the core component of this technology, biocarriers play a vital role in microorganism attachment and biofilm formation. Polymer materials have long been favored as biocarrier materials due to their excellent properties. However, characteristics such as surface smoothness, hydrophilicity, and electronegativity can hinder microbial colonization and cause biofilms to detach easily. Therefore, developing new modified materials is a key strategy for improving the performance of traditional polymer-based biocarriers. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on modification strategies for polymer-based biocarrier materials, focusing on bulk modification (including filling, blending, and crosslinking), surface modification (such as grafting, etching, coating, and impregnation), and composite modification. Additionally, future research directions in this field are discussed. The goal is to advance the development of high-performance biocarrier materials.},
}

@article {pmid42474312,
year = {2026},
author = {Shvartsman, E and Grant, C and McQueen, P and McCorrister, S and Westmacott, G and Sandstrom, P and MacDonald, KS},
title = {Comparative proteomics reveal striking differences in biofilm formation and virulence potential of Gardnerella leopoldii, G. piotii, and G. vaginalis isolates.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0041625},
doi = {10.1128/jb.00416-25},
pmid = {42474312},
issn = {1098-5530},
abstract = {Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common, recurrent cause of abnormal vaginal discharge that is associated with an increased risk of sexually transmitted infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Despite its clinical significance, the pathogenesis of BV remains incompletely understood, limiting the effectiveness of current interventions. Although the Gardnerella genus has been proposed to play a pivotal role in BV pathogenesis via biofilm initiation, it was initially considered monotypic. This paradigm shifted with the recognition of species heterogeneity within the Gardnerella genus. Here, we examined in vitro biofilm growth and proteomes of a representative isolate from each of three Gardnerella species: G. vaginalis, G. leopoldii, and G. piotii. G. leopoldii and G. piotii formed more robust biofilms compared to G. vaginalis, with higher biomass, suggesting differences in extracellular matrix composition. Proteomic analysis identified significant differences in functional pathways and virulence proteins among the studied isolates. Cysteine synthase (CysK), implicated in cysteine synthesis and potentially possessing secondary functions, was enriched in the more robust G. leopoldii and G. piotii biofilms, suggesting a possible role in biofilm formation. Cytolysins were more abundant in the thinner G. vaginalis biofilms, whereas immune evasion proteins were more abundant in G. leopoldii biofilms. Adhesion and glycogen-degrading proteins varied in type and abundance across species. These findings reveal functional heterogeneity among the tested isolates and provide insight into how certain Gardnerella isolates establish biofilms. Targeting virulence factors identified in this study may offer novel strategies to disrupt Gardnerella biofilm formation to improve management of BV.IMPORTANCEBacterial vaginosis (BV) is a leading cause of abnormal vaginal discharge, associated with high post-treatment recurrence. Gardnerella species play a central role in BV via initiation of polymicrobial biofilms, yet species-specific contributions remain poorly understood. This work demonstrates that tested isolates of G. leopoldii and G. piotii form more robust biofilms compared to G. vaginalis and differentially produce proteins associated with immune evasion, adhesion, and biofilm formation. Certain proteins were enriched in the more robust biofilm producers, suggestive of differences that may contribute to strain-specific biofilm formation. By demonstrating fundamental differences among the studied isolate biofilms, these findings highlight Gardnerella heterogeneity and provide a foundation for future studies aimed at targeting Gardnerella biofilm formation in BV.},
}

@article {pmid42474753,
year = {2026},
author = {Yang, H and Tang, Y and Zhang, Z and Wang, J and Tao, C and Wang, X},
title = {The biofilm detachment modes and mechanisms in porous media.},
journal = {Biodegradation},
volume = {37},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {42474753},
issn = {1572-9729},
support = {12372321, 11972074//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; Porosity ; Hydrodynamics ; Bacterial Adhesion ; },
abstract = {Biofilms are widely present in natural and engineered porous media, playing a crucial role in pollution control, resource recovery, and industrial applications; in which, the biofilm detachment induces the dynamic changes in flow paths within porous media, and significantly impact the permeability and hydrodynamic properties of porous media. In this review paper, we first introduce two types of biofilm detachment based on the detaching position: internal detachment occurs within the biofilm far from the flow path, creating a new flow path; and external detachment occurs outside the biofilm near the flow path, causing the flow path to widen. These two types of detachment work together in porous media, often leading to increased permeability and reorganization of flow paths. Then we systematically summarize two kinds of stresses influencing the biofilm detachment: shear stress generated by fluid flow on the biofilm, and cohesive strength inside the biofilm. Shear stress significantly influences biofilm dynamics, including growth, structure, and detachment, and is influenced by the pore structure characteristics of the medium and the physical properties of the biofilm. Biofilm cohesive strength, crucial for stability and adhesion, increases with depth and is influenced by EPS content and composition, pH value, and the presence of metal ions. The interplay between shear stress and cohesive strength determines biofilm stability and detachment, affects biofilm performance in various applications. Therefore, understanding biofilm detachment mechanism can better control and optimize physical and chemical properties of the porous media.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
Porosity
Hydrodynamics
Bacterial Adhesion

@article {pmid42475389,
year = {2026},
author = {Do, E and Zarnowski, R and Andes, DR and Mitchell, AP},
title = {An emergent biofilm program from inactivation of Candida albicans master regulators Efg1 and Ndt80.},
journal = {PLoS pathogens},
volume = {22},
number = {7},
pages = {e1014469},
doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1014469},
pmid = {42475389},
issn = {1553-7374},
abstract = {Biofilm formation by the fungus Candida albicans is a central virulence trait that enables colonization of implanted medical devices and mucosal surfaces. Biofilm formation reflects a complex regulatory network, and depends upon multiple master regulators that include transcription factors Efg1 and Ndt80. It is well established that efg1Δ/Δ and ndt80Δ/Δ single gene mutants are defective in biofilm formation. We report here that an efg1Δ/Δ ndt80Δ/Δ double mutant of reference strain SC5314 is able to form a robust biofilm in vitro and in vivo. We refer to the efg1Δ/Δ ndt80Δ/Δ biofilm as an emergent biofilm because this phenotype could not have been predicted from the phenotypes of efg1Δ/Δ or ndt80Δ/Δ single gene mutants. In four additional strain backgrounds, efg1Δ/Δ ndt80Δ/Δ mutants do not form biofilms, but in all strain backgrounds the efg1Δ/Δ ndt80Δ/Δ mutants can form filamentous cells, which are components of biofilms. Emergent biofilm formation is especially pronounced in YPD + FBS medium at 30°C, and RNA-seq under those conditions reveals altered expression in the efg1Δ/Δ ndt80Δ/Δ double mutant of biofilm-related genes: upregulation of BCR1, UME6, and HGC1, and downregulation of ALS3, BRG1, and HWP1. These gene expression changes suggest that the emergent biofilm program is partially distinct from the conventional biofilm program. This inference is supported by functional analysis: emergent biofilm formation is independent of Brg1, Rob1, Tec1, and Wor3, all of which have positive roles in conventional biofilm formation. Emergent biofilm formation depends upon the hyphal cyclin Hgc1, the biofilm transcription factors Bcr1 and Ume6, and the Bcr1/Ume6-activated adhesin gene FLO9. The seemingly simple emergent biofilm program may represent a primordial surface colonization strategy.},
}

@article {pmid42475814,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, M and Cai, W and Wang, H and Luo, X and Li, X and Zhang, Y and Lu, R},
title = {Allyl isothiocyanate exerts bactericidal and anti-biofilm effects against Vibrio parahaemolyticus via global transcriptional reprogramming.},
journal = {International journal of food microbiology},
volume = {460},
number = {},
pages = {111970},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2026.111970},
pmid = {42475814},
issn = {1879-3460},
abstract = {Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a bioactive compound found in various cruciferous vegetables including wasabi, exhibits potent antimicrobial properties against foodborne pathogens. This study demonstrates that AITC significantly inhibits the growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in both culture media and seafood matrices (minced shrimp). For mid-log phase planktonic and biofilm-embedded V. parahaemolyticus, AITC exerts potent bactericidal effects that intensify at higher concentrations (≥50 μg/ml) and longer exposure times. Crucially, AITC disrupts pre-formed biofilms on abiotic (e.g., polystyrene) and biotic (shrimp shell) surfaces, degrading extracellular matrices and dispersing embedded cells, as visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Sublethal AITC exposure (25 μg/ml) triggers extensive transcriptional reprogramming in V. parahaemolyticus RIMD2210633, downregulating 1299 genes, including key virulence determinants (e.g., T3SS1, T3SS2, T6SS2, and TDH), flagellar assembly components, exopolysaccharide (EPS) biosynthesis machinery, and type IV pili. Paradoxically, despite inhibiting swimming motility and biofilm formation, AITC upregulates cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) synthesis, suggesting a stress-adaptive response. Collectively, these findings reveal that AITC combats V. parahaemolyticus through direct bactericidal activity, biofilm dismantling, and global downregulation of virulence and colonization-associated genes, with the observed c-di-GMP increase representing a stress-adaptive response whose functional significance requires further investigation. This work supports the potential of AITC as a natural strategy to enhance seafood safety and provides a mechanistic framework for its multi-target action.},
}

@article {pmid42476373,
year = {2026},
author = {Fu, J and Li, Y and Liu, Y and Xiong, C and Li, P and Long, X and Li, Q and Chen, R},
title = {Biochar-assisted rapid formation of core-biofilm anammox granules via interfacial trapping of extracellular polymeric substances.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {135469},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135469},
pmid = {42476373},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {The slow formation and insufficient structural stability of conventional anammox granules remain major limitations to reactor start-up and long-term stability. Here, we propose a biochar-assisted core-biofilm granulation mode to accelerate the formation of anammox granules with clearly identifiable structural features. Millimeter-scale biochar particles served as persistent internal cores and were progressively encapsulated by compact microbial biofilms, resulting in the rapid formation of biochar-nucleus granules with a distinct core-biofilm architecture. During early granulation, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were markedly enriched on biochar surfaces, and α-helix and β-turn protein fractions increased as granules matured. Mechanistic analyses indicated that rapid EPS anchoring onto biochar was mainly driven by π-π stacking and further strengthened by carboxyl-enabled hydrogen bonding, which improved biochar-biofilm interfacial affinity, lowered the interfacial thermodynamic barrier, and facilitated microbial colonization and outward biofilm growth. Furthermore, biochar promoted the preferential enrichment of Candidatus Kuenenia during granule development, accompanied by higher abundances of key anammox genes (Hzs and Hdh). Overall, this work reveals a biochar-assisted core-biofilm granulation mode and provides a materials-based strategy for the rapid cultivation of structurally stable and high-performance anammox granules.},
}

@article {pmid42470113,
year = {2026},
author = {Shakibaie, MR and Ghahraman, MRK and Mahdiun, F and Kamali, A and Shakibaie, S},
title = {Molecular analysis of clinical Acinetobacter baumannii isolates based on colistin resistance, biofilm formation, clonal relationships, and pmrA gene expression.},
journal = {Future microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-14},
doi = {10.1080/17460913.2026.2704354},
pmid = {42470113},
issn = {1746-0921},
abstract = {AIMS: This study investigates the molecular characteristics of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB) clinical isolates with particular emphasis on colistin resistance, biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance determinants, clonal relatedness, and pmrA gene expression.

METHODS: Twenty MDRAB isolates were collected from intensive care unit patients at Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman, Iran. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the broth microdilution method according to the EUCAST 2022 guidelines. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), carbapenemase, biofilm-associated genes, and class 1 integrons. Clonal relatedness was assessed using Repetitive-element PCR (Rep-PCR), and the pmrA gene (GenBank accession no. MN787072.1) expression analyzed through quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR).

RESULTS: The isolates demonstrated high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) particularly against carbapenems. Many isolates showed strong biofilm, while carrying biofilm-associated genes bap, csuE, pgaA, and ompA. Class 1 integrons and the blaCTX-M gene detected in 94% and 65% of isolates, respectively. Colistin-resistant (ColR) isolates shared a distinct Rep-PCR profile (singleton) and harbored both the pmrA and blaCTX-M-15 genes. DNA sequencing and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that, the Q218→K mutation had marginal effect on pmrA gene expression.

CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the urgent need for effective antibiotic stewardship to address rising incidence of carbapenemase-producing, colistin resistance in A. baumannii.},
}

@article {pmid42470474,
year = {2026},
author = {Biswas, A and Rahman, MH and Chichger, H and Shil, A},
title = {A sucralose-based sweetener promotes biofilm formation and plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance transfer in opportunistic gut bacteria.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {208},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42470474},
issn = {1432-072X},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Sucrose/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; *Plasmids/genetics ; *Sweetening Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli/drug effects/genetics/growth & development ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Bacteria/drug effects/genetics/growth & development ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal/drug effects ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/genetics ; Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/genetics ; },
abstract = {Artificial sweeteners are widely used sugar substitutes, yet their effects on bacterial physiology and antimicrobial resistance dissemination remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the impact of the sucralose-based artificial sweetener Zerocal on bacterial growth, biofilm formation, and plasmid-mediated gene transfer in gut-associated opportunistic bacteria including extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis. Bacterial growth was monitored spectrophotometrically, biofilm formation was quantified using a crystal violet assay, and conjugative plasmid transfer was assessed using donor-recipient co-culture experiments. Exposure to Zerocal at 0.5 mM and 1 mM did not significantly alter planktonic growth of any tested strain during 24 h incubation. In contrast, Zerocal markedly enhanced biofilm formation in a strain-dependent manner. K. pneumoniae exhibited the greatest increase, with biofilm biomass rising by approximately 260% at 0.5 mM and ~ 200% at 1 mM relative to controls. ESBL E. coli and E. faecalis showed increases of approximately 222% and ~ 150%, respectively, whereas no change was observed in E. coli. Zerocal also significantly enhanced conjugative plasmid transfer from K. pneumoniae to E. coli, increasing the number of transconjugants by 61.7% at 12 h compared with untreated controls. Co-exposure with 0.1 mM zinc sulfate reduced Zerocal-associated biofilm formation and partially attenuated conjugation. Together, these results suggest that sucralose-containing sweeteners may promote bacterial traits associated with persistence and antimicrobial resistance dissemination. These findings raise the possibility that widely consumed artificial sweeteners may unintentionally influence bacterial traits associated with persistence and antimicrobial resistance dissemination within the gut environment.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Sucrose/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology
*Plasmids/genetics
*Sweetening Agents/pharmacology
*Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Escherichia coli/drug effects/genetics/growth & development
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Bacteria/drug effects/genetics/growth & development
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
Gene Transfer, Horizontal/drug effects
Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/genetics
Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/genetics

@article {pmid42467121,
year = {2026},
author = {Jeyasanta, KI and Sathish, N and Sudhakar, BJ and Aswini, T and Patterson, J},
title = {Biofilm-associated microbial communities on microplastics in rural and urban aquatic environments of Tamil Nadu, India: Functional characterization and antibiotic resistance.},
journal = {World journal of microbiology & biotechnology},
volume = {42},
number = {8},
pages = {},
pmid = {42467121},
issn = {1573-0972},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; India ; *Microplastics/analysis ; *Bacteria/isolation & purification/drug effects/classification/genetics/metabolism ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; *Water Microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Fresh Water/microbiology ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Microplastics (MPs) are persistent aquatic pollutants that provide substrates for microbial colonization and biofilm development. This study investigated the functional characteristics of MP-associated microbial communities across coastal, estuarine, and freshwater environments in Tamil Nadu, India, providing a comparative assessment of plastisphere functionality under varying levels of anthropogenic influence. A total of 615 MPs were collected from water and sediment samples, of which 279 particles (45.4%) exhibited visible biofilms and were selected for further analysis. Biofilm-associated MPs showed higher abundance, biofilm formation, and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production in urban environments than in rural systems. Fragments (54.4%) and films (27.4%) were dominant, while polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) were the most prevalent polymers. A total of 71 bacterial isolates were recovered from MP-associated biofilms. Biofilm formation varied significantly among environments (OD570: 0.58-1.12), with the highest values recorded in nutrient-enriched urban systems. EPS production was also elevated in urban sites, reaching 254 ± 15 µg g[-1] of carbohydrates and 172 ± 10 µg g[-1] of proteins. Correlation and principal component analyses demonstrated strong associations among nutrient concentrations, MP abundance, EPS production, and biofilm development. Enzyme assays revealed higher hydrolytic activity in EPS-rich isolates, particularly Pseudomonas spp. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed microbial colonization and biofilm development on MP surfaces. Antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated widespread resistance to ampicillin and erythromycin, with broader resistance profiles in urban environments. Overall, MPs function as microbial habitats supporting biofilm formation, microbial metabolism, and antibiotic resistance, with environmental conditions playing a key role in shaping plastisphere functionality.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
India
*Microplastics/analysis
*Bacteria/isolation & purification/drug effects/classification/genetics/metabolism
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism
*Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
*Water Microbiology
Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Drug Resistance, Microbial
Fresh Water/microbiology
Geologic Sediments/microbiology/chemistry

@article {pmid42468200,
year = {2026},
author = {Su, W and Li, Z and Feng, S and Yu, Z and Li, S and Lu, H and Song, X and Tu, J and Qi, Z and Shao, Y},
title = {YgeP, a global regulator within the ETT2 pathogenicity island, coordinates motility-biofilm balance and negatively controls serum resistance in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli.},
journal = {Veterinary microbiology},
volume = {320},
number = {},
pages = {111147},
doi = {10.1016/j.vetmic.2026.111147},
pmid = {42468200},
issn = {1873-2542},
abstract = {Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the primary pathogen causing avian colibacillosis, leading to significant economic losses in the global poultry industry. Its pathogenicity relies on a complex network of virulence factors, among which the type III secretion system 2 (ETT2) is a key component. However, unlike the classical T3SS, the ETT2 gene cluster in APEC commonly exhibits pseudogenization and deletions, suggesting that its function may have undergone adaptive remodeling. Notably, the YgeP gene located at the end of this pathogenicity island is highly conserved, implying that it may play an important role in the pathogenic process. To elucidate the function of YgeP, a member of this pathogenicity island, in APEC pathogenesis, a gene deletion mutant was constructed. The study confirmed that YgeP acts as a key global regulator, positively regulating bacterial motility by influencing the expression of flagellar synthesis-related genes. Conversely, YgeP negatively regulates biofilm formation and adhesion to chicken fibroblast cells. Additionally, YgeP differentially regulates bacterial tolerance to various environmental stresses, such as acid, alkali, heat, and oxidative stress. Mechanistically, YgeP negatively regulates serum resistance by inhibiting the Rcs phosphorelay system (manifested as upregulation of RcsA/B genes) and the expression of downstream capsular polysaccharide synthesis genes (e.g., wza, wzaA). Promoter activity assays further demonstrated that YgeP directly represses these target genes as a transcriptional repressor. Therefore, YgeP plays a central role in APEC pathogenesis by balancing two infection strategies: motility-mediated dissemination and colonization, and biofilm-mediated attachment and tolerance. Simultaneously, it negatively regulates key virulence traits, including serum resistance, during the early stages of infection.},
}

@article {pmid42468466,
year = {2026},
author = {Ghahremanpour, H and Talebi Bezmin Abadi, A and Fooladi, AAI},
title = {Biofilm and blaOXA-40 Co-Production: A Key Pathogenic Strategy in Hospital-Adapted Pseudomonas aeruginosa.},
journal = {Archives of medical research},
volume = {57},
number = {7},
pages = {103479},
doi = {10.1016/j.arcmed.2026.103479},
pmid = {42468466},
issn = {1873-5487},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The coexistence of both carbapenem resistance and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa represents a major clinical challenge, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs). This study investigated antimicrobial resistance, carbapenemase genes, and biofilm-related characteristics in ICU and non-ICU isolates.

METHODS: A total of 130 non-duplicate P. aeruginosa clinical isolates were collected from hospitalized patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. Carbapenemase production was assessed using mCIM/eCIM assays. Biofilm formation was quantified using a microtiter plate assay. Carbapenemase genes (blaKPC-2, blaOXA-40, blaOXA-48, blaGES-2, blaVIM, blaIMP, and blaNDM-1) and biofilm-associated genes (algD, pelF, and pslD) were detected by PCR, while algD and pelF expression levels were evaluated by qPCR.

RESULTS: Resistance to meropenem (61.5%) and imipenem (60%) was significantly higher among ICU isolates. Carbapenemase production was detected in 91% of carbapenem-resistant isolates. The blaGES-2 gene was the predominant carbapenemase determinant (93.6%), followed by blaNDM-1 (14.6%). This study reports the first sequenced P. aeruginosa isolates harboring blaOXA-40 in Iran. Carbapenem-resistant isolates demonstrated significantly stronger biofilm formation and higher algD and pelF expression compared with carbapenem-susceptible isolates (p <0.01). ICU hospitalization, male sex, and tracheal aspirates were identified as independent risk factors for acquiring carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa.

CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of extensively drug-resistant, carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates in ICUs, together with enhanced biofilm formation and carbapenemase production, highlights an important therapeutic and infection control challenge. Continuous surveillance and molecular monitoring are essential for the effective management of hospital-associated infections.},
}

@article {pmid42468758,
year = {2026},
author = {Luo, H and Feng, R and Xu, B and Li, X and Li, D and Jiang, H and Ren, X and Ran, P},
title = {A hesperidin-engineered metal-phenolic nanoplatform for biofilm-targeted and self-amplified photothermal/chemodynamic therapy of skin abscesses.},
journal = {Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {115188},
doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.115188},
pmid = {42468758},
issn = {1873-4995},
abstract = {Biofilm-associated skin abscesses remain challenging to manage because the extracellular polymeric matrix restricts drug access and bacteria rapidly activate protective stress programs. Here, we developed a hesperidin/Fe[3+]-assembled metal-phenolic nanoplatform functionalized with phenylboronic acid (HF@PBA) for biofilm-targeted photothermal/chemodynamic therapy. Hesperidin not only participates in nanoparticle assembly as a natural flavonoid ligand, but also contributes anti-biofilm bioactivity and efficient near-infrared photothermal responsiveness after coordination with Fe[3+]. PBA modification enhances adhesion to the extracellular polymeric matrix, improving retention and penetration within infectious lesions. Under 808 nm irradiation, HF@PBA enables mild photothermal therapy, while released hesperidin suppresses DnaK/HSP70-associated heat-stress tolerance. In the acidic and glutathione-rich biofilm microenvironment, the nanoparticles dissociate, releasing Fe[3+], which is reduced to Fe[2+] and subsequently drives hydroxyl radical generation. Meanwhile, hesperidin further interferes with quorum sensing and virulence-related responses. Consequently, HF@PBA effectively eliminated planktonic bacteria and mature biofilms in vitro, and transcriptomic/protein analyses revealed marked suppression of heat-shock and quorum-sensing pathways. In a murine MRSA abscess model, HF@PBA achieved 99.7% bacterial eradication, alleviated inflammation, and enhanced collagen regeneration and angiogenesis with negligible systemic toxicity. This work provides a simple biodegradable strategy for treating persistent biofilm-associated skin infections.},
}

@article {pmid42461448,
year = {2026},
author = {Hellwig, F and Kohnert, E and Hellwig, E and Cieplik, F and Bartsch, S and Tchorz, JP and Altenburger, MJ and Al-Ahmad, A},
title = {Influence of heat-non-burn tobacco aerosol on the microbiome of biofilm from human whole saliva bacteria in vitro.},
journal = {Clinical oral investigations},
volume = {30},
number = {8},
pages = {},
pmid = {42461448},
issn = {1436-3771},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; Aerosols ; *Microbiota/drug effects ; *Saliva/microbiology ; Cattle ; Animals ; In Vitro Techniques ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The heat-not-burn tobacco product IQOS (I Quit Ordinary Smoking) has recently become widely used. However, the impact of IQOS aerosol on the oral microbiome remains unclear. The present study therefore aimed to investigate the influence of IQOS aerosol on the microbial composition of microcosm biofilms formed from human saliva using a standardized biofilm reactor.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: A custom-designed biofilm reactor was constructed to enable the intermittent exposure of biofilms to IQOS aerosol. Microcosm biofilms were formed on bovine enamel samples with a defined surface (19.635 mm[2]) with unstimulated pooled human saliva from three healthy probands being used as inoculum. Biofilm formation took place with continuous nutrient medium supply for 5 days. The biofilm in the test setup was exposed to IQOS aerosol 8 times a day for 5 min each time. A parallel test setup ensured simultaneous biofilm formation without exposure to IQOS aersol and served as a negative control. After 5 days, the microbial composition of the formed biofilms was examined by amplicon sequencing using the V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene. In addition, the biofilm was visualized using scanning electron microscopy.

RESULTS: After one week, the surfaces of the bovine enamel samples on which biofilm formation took place were similarly covered, whether under the influence of IQOS aerosol or in the negative control. The Simpson index showed significant differences (P < 0.05), while the Pielou index showed highly significant differences (0.01 < P < 0.05), as did the Shannon index (0.001 < P < 0.01) and the Richness index (P < 0.001). The β-diversity showed different clustering between the treated biofilm and the negative control, corresponding to the significantly different (p = 0.001) microbial community caused by the IQOS aerosol. The abundance of the genera Gemella, Haemophilus, Neisseria and Rothia was significantly lower in biofilms influenced by IQOS aerosol. Additionally, the abundance of different species was significantly modified by IQOS aerosol.

CONCLUSIONS: IQOS aersol may shift oral microbial composition, even though not inhibiting biofilm growth. This highlights the need for further research into the effects on oral microbal ecology of IQOS users, as well as the development of prevention and education measures regarding the potential health risks associated with IQOS.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
Humans
Aerosols
*Microbiota/drug effects
*Saliva/microbiology
Cattle
Animals
In Vitro Techniques
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning

@article {pmid42462273,
year = {2026},
author = {Kandikatla, A and Shit, J and Suresh, A and Das, V and Kar, S and Chinnadurai, S and Malayil Manikandan, V and Subrfarazhussain, HS and Murugaiyan, J},
title = {Revisiting biofilm quantification: crystal violet assay and the emerging role of hyperspectral imaging.},
journal = {Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/d6ay00772d},
pmid = {42462273},
issn = {1759-9679},
abstract = {Bacterial biofilms are major contributors to persistent and chronic infections. Conventional methods used to quantify biofilms, such as the crystal violet assay, provide only semi-quantitative and non-specific estimates of their biomass. In this study, we highlight hyperspectral imaging (HSI) as a non-destructive approach for biofilm analysis. To address this, stainless steel coupons were developed to support robust biofilm formation. We propose HSI, coupled with machine learning tools, to detect and quantify Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms for potential real-time monitoring. This method has the potential to capture the biochemical as well as structural heterogeneity within biofilms and may serve as a valuable tool in biofilm research.},
}

@article {pmid42463619,
year = {2026},
author = {Che, R and Sun, Y and Zhao, J},
title = {Metabolomics study of the inhibitory effects of tubuloside A on Streptococcus suis biofilm.},
journal = {International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42463619},
issn = {1618-1905},
support = {LBH-Z21192//Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Financial Assistance/ ; JJ2023LH1529//Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China/ ; XYB202018//Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University Talent Research Start-up Fund/ ; },
abstract = {Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an important zoonotic pathogen. Biofilm formation contributes to persistent and chronic infections, increases the difficulty of bacterial eradication, and may pose a threat to public health. Clinically, S. suis infection is mainly treated with antibacterial drugs. However, biofilm-forming S. suis exhibits enhanced drug tolerance, and conventional drugs are often unable to eradicate established biofilms effectively. At present, screening traditional Chinese medicine monomer drugs to interfere with the formation of biofilms has become a promising strategy for controlling S. suis biofilms. In this study, the antibiofilm effect of tubuloside A (TA) on S. suis ATCC700794 and the associated metabolic changes were investigated using untargeted metabolomics. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of TA against S. suis ATCC700794 was determined by the broth microdilution method. The effects of TA were studied using crystal violet staining. The morphology of TA treated ATCC700794 cells was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Differentially abundant metabolites were screened using metabolomics and bioinformatics analyses. The MIC of TA was 64 µg/mL, whereas 1/2 MIC (32 µg/mL) of TA significantly inhibited biofilm formation without markedly affecting bacterial growth under the tested conditions and reduced biofilm structural formation. After treatment with 1/2 MIC of TA, 65 annotated metabolites met the screening criteria, including 23 upregulated and 42 downregulated metabolites. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the metabolic changes in S. suis ATCC700794 after TA treatment were mainly associated with glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, purine metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, the citrate cycle, arginine and proline metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism. This study provides preliminary metabolomic evidence that TA-mediated inhibition of S. suis biofilm formation is associated with alterations in amino acid metabolism and central carbon metabolism, offering candidate metabolic clues for future mechanistic studies.},
}

@article {pmid42463891,
year = {2026},
author = {Lee, SC and Cho, K and Lee, CG and Kim, SB and Choi, N},
title = {Enhanced biodiesel wastewater treatment using moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) and improved applicability to subsequent coagulation process.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-62982-6},
pmid = {42463891},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {RS-2025-02214066//Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute/ ; },
abstract = {Biodiesel wastewater (BDW) is a high-strength industrial effluent rich in organic matter, oils, and suspended solids, posing significant challenges for conventional treatment processes. In this study, a pilot-scale moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was operated continuously for three months to evaluate its performance in treating biodiesel wastewater (BDW) and its impact on the efficiency of subsequent coagulation. The MBBR achieved sustained chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) removal under fluctuating influent conditions, with average removal rates of 74.79% and 81.37%, respectively. Microbial community analysis based on 16 S rRNA gene sequencing revealed a diverse biofilm community in the MBBR carriers, with Bacteroidetes, Saccharibacteria_TM7, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes as major phyla. At the genus level, Saccharimonas, Chryseobacterium, and Proteiniphilum were the predominant taxa. In addition, MBBR pre-treatment substantially enhanced the performance of downstream coagulation using ferrous sulfate. The COD removal efficiency by coagulation increased more than 2.5-fold after MBBR treatment (from 13.35% to 34.29%), along with notable enhancements in TOC and SS removal. These enhancements may be associated with biological modification of wastewater characteristics during MBBR pretreatment, which improved the conditions for particle aggregation during subsequent coagulation. By linking continuous pilot-scale MBBR operation, carrier-associated biofilm characterization, and downstream FeSO4 coagulation response, this study provides practical insight into the integration of biofilm-based pretreatment with existing physicochemical treatment processes for high-strength industrial wastewater.},
}

@article {pmid42464116,
year = {2026},
author = {Umar, NK and Ueda, R and Shiga, T and Fujishiro, T and Onishi, Y and Kamiyama, T and Sakatani, H and Mizobata, K and Tamagawa, S and Hotomi, M and Kono, M},
title = {Synergistic biofilm formation by the coexistence of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis reduces amoxicillin efficacy.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12866-026-05420-x},
pmid = {42464116},
issn = {1471-2180},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Moraxella catarrhalis are recognized as the key pathogens that cause respiratory tract infections, and both are capable of forming biofilms. Although interspecies biofilm formation has been described, the impact of co-culture conditions on antimicrobial responsiveness remains incompletely defined. In this study, we examined biofilm formation by co-culturing NTHi and M. catarrhalis and evaluated their antimicrobial responsiveness to amoxicillin and alternative clinically relevant antibiotics, including sequential exposure following initial amoxicillin treatment, in an in vitro model.

RESULTS: Biofilm formation was quantitatively evaluated using the crystal violet staining method with a 96-well pin replicator. Twenty clinical isolates of M. catarrhalis were first cultured for 24 h to assess their biofilm-forming capacities, which varied considerably among strains, with some producing robust biofilms. To further examine interspecies interactions, M. catarrhalis and NTHi were co-cultured at different CFU ratios, revealing that increasing the proportion of M. catarrhalis in the inoculum enhanced overall biofilm production compared with either species alone. Additionally, exposure to selected antibiotics showed that respiratory quinolones were associated with greater reductions in biofilm biomass and viable bacteria within co-culture-derived biofilms compared with amoxicillin, both during direct treatment and following prior amoxicillin exposure, under the experimental conditions tested.

CONCLUSION: Co-culture of NTHi and M. catarrhalis was shown to significantly enhance biofilm formation compared with either culture species alone. In particular, a higher proportion of M. catarrhalis was associated with increased biofilm production. These findings suggest that polymicrobial coexistence may contribute to reduced antimicrobial responsiveness through enhanced biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid42464402,
year = {2026},
author = {Stiffler, AK and Varona, NS and Wallace, BA and Silveira, CB},
title = {Chemical prophage induction selectively removes Vibrio from a pelagic Sargassum-derived multispecies biofilm.},
journal = {Environmental microbiome},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s40793-026-00925-4},
pmid = {42464402},
issn = {2524-6372},
support = {2023349872//National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program/ ; 2023353157//National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program/ ; 80NSSC23K0676/NASA/NASA/United States ; 2424579//National Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pelagic Sargassum has undergone significant range expansion and dramatic blooms in the Atlantic over the past 15 years. This alga's microbiome provides symbiotic functions that are believed to contribute to its ecological success. Recent research shows that Sargassum-associated bacteria are enriched in integrated prophages compared to the surrounding seawater and that these prophages are inducible by chemical and ultraviolet treatment.

RESULTS: Here, we investigated a Sargassum-derived in vitro multispecies biofilm encompassing the dominant heterotrophic microbial members associated with Sargassum to probe the impacts of prophage induction on the composition of Sargassum microbiomes. Induction was quantified by coverage-based virus-to-host ratios in chemically induced treatments with Mitomycin C and non-induced controls, and the community composition and metabolic profiles were analyzed after Mitomycin C treatment. Chemical induction led to a significant increase in abundance and virus-to-host ratio of viral genomes linked to Vibrio metagenome-assembled genomes. This was accompanied by altered biofilm community composition, with a reduction in Vibrio bacterial abundance that opened niche space for other biofilm members in the genera Pseudoalteromonas, Alteromonas, and Cobetia. The induced Vibrio-associated phages encoded genes involved in quorum sensing, biofilm formation, virulence, and host metabolism. Induction led to the depletion of 17 metabolic modules, including functions related to energy metabolism and nitrogen utilization.

CONCLUSION: Due to the high frequency of lysogeny in the Sargassum microbiome and the susceptibility of prophages to chemical and ultraviolet light induction, these results suggest that prophage integration and induction are mechanisms that contribute to structuring the Sargassum microbiome and its functional profiles, potentially aiding in microbiome flexibility in changing environmental contexts.},
}

@article {pmid42464506,
year = {2026},
author = {Madalambika, and Kumar, AC and BharathKumar, PM and Gowda, KBV and Ramu, R and Naik, N},
title = {Exploring Biofilm Inhibition Potential of Imidazo-Pyridine Linked Tetrazoles Against Candida albicans: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation With Computational Studies.},
journal = {Chemical biology & drug design},
volume = {108},
number = {1},
pages = {e70359},
doi = {10.1111/cbdd.70359},
pmid = {42464506},
issn = {1747-0285},
support = {DST/KSTePS/Ph.D.Fellowship/CHE-06:2022-23/989//Karnataka Science and Technology Promotion Society (KSTePS), DST Ph.D. Fellowship Programme./ ; },
mesh = {*Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; *Tetrazoles/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Pyridines/chemistry/pharmacology ; HEK293 Cells ; *Imidazoles/chemistry/pharmacology ; Hemolysis/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Infectious diseases remain one of the major global health challenges due to their rapid transmission and evolving pathogenic mechanisms. Among them, Candida albicans has emerged as a significant opportunistic antifungal pathogen, which is responsible for biofilm-associated infections. In the present study, a library of new tetrazole bearing imidazo-pyridine molecules (4a-4j) was synthesised and characterised through spectroscopic techniques ([1]H, [13]C and MS) for structural confirmation. Their in vitro antifungal potential was evaluated against C. albicans, where compound 4d emerged as the most promising lead among all by exhibiting a MIC of 7 μg/mL and MFC of 45 μg/mL, conquering the reference fluconazole (FLC) which showed 8 μg/mL and 64 μg/mL of MIC and MFC, respectively. Compound 4d also demonstrated 75% and 86% inhibition of fungal filamentation and of biofilm formation, respectively. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed the significant downregulation of important virulence genes, and SEM imaging further validated biofilm prevention. Toxicity assessment through hemolytic and cytotoxic assays on HEK293 cell line indicated low toxicity across tested concentrations. Additionally, computational evaluation including molecular docking and ADMET parameters supported the predicted binding affinities and pharmacokinetic properties of the synthesised compounds.},
}

*Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology
*Biofilms/drug effects
Humans
*Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis
*Tetrazoles/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis
Molecular Docking Simulation
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Pyridines/chemistry/pharmacology
HEK293 Cells
*Imidazoles/chemistry/pharmacology
Hemolysis/drug effects

@article {pmid42465252,
year = {2026},
author = {Balistreri, A and Gomulinski, M and Chapman, MR and Kelly, JW},
title = {The Microglial Protein sTREM2 Inhibits the Bacterial Functional Amyloid CsgA and Suppresses Amyloid-Dependent Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.64898/2026.07.03.736422},
pmid = {42465252},
issn = {2692-8205},
abstract = {Protein misfolding and aggregation, including amyloid fibril formation, underlie a large class of human diseases including prominent neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. A small number of human proteins have been identified that inhibit amyloidogenesis. One such protein is sTREM2, a soluble receptor liberated from microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system. The extracellular domain of TREM2 is shed upon proteolytic cleavage to create sTREM2, which has previously been shown to inhibit amyloid-β aggregation in vitro . TREM2 is also expressed by intestinal macrophages, which are known to directly bind the bacterial amyloid curli and mount cytokine responses upon exposure. Here we show that sTREM2 is a sub-stoichiometric inhibitor of CsgA amyloidogenesis, CsgA being the major protein component of curli that drives biofilm formation in uropathogenic Escherichia coli and many other proteobacteria. In vitro , sTREM2 potently and sub-stoichiometrically inhibited CsgA amyloidogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. Kinetic modeling indicated that sTREM2 slowed primary and secondary nucleation, rather than altering fiber elongation. When added exogenously to bacterial growth medium, sTREM2 significantly suppressed curli-dependent pellicle biofilm formation without affecting bacterial growth. These findings establish sTREM2 as a member of the small group of human proteins capable of inhibiting bacterial functional amyloidogenesis, suggesting that gut-resident TREM2-expressing macrophages, which are already known to interact with curli, may employ sTREM2 as a physiologically relevant defense against bacterial amyloid formation.},
}

@article {pmid42466057,
year = {2026},
author = {Aminy, SA and Aman, AT and Damayanti, E and Rahayu, A and Taufiq, A and Cateau, E and Imbert, C and Nuryastuti, T},
title = {Pathogen Characteristic of Biofilm-Related CAUTI in the Intensive Care Unit.},
journal = {International journal of microbiology},
volume = {2026},
number = {},
pages = {8369920},
pmid = {42466057},
issn = {1687-918X},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) in the intensive care unit (ICU) is one of the healthcare-associated infections with increased length of stay, healthcare costs, morbidity, and mortality. CAUTI can be caused by antimicrobial-resistant and biofilm-forming microorganisms, resulting in recurrent and persistent infections. This study is aimed at analyzing the pathogens, antimicrobial sensitivity patterns, and biofilm-forming capabilities of CAUTI isolates in two referral hospitals in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 71 patients with indwelling urinary catheters from October 2022 to March 2023. Urine specimens were collected aseptically and cultured. Microorganisms were identified and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using Vitek 2, CHROMagar, and broth microdilution. Biofilm-producing bacteria were identified by microtiter plate assay (MTPA), and selected urinary catheters were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

RESULTS: A total of 71 urine specimens from patients with indwelling latex-urinary catheters resulted in 49 bacterial isolates and 28 yeasts identified. Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Candida albicans were the most frequent pathogens. Among Enterobacterales, 62.5% were extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers, whereas 90% of A. baumannii and 20% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were carbapenem-resistant. In contrast, C. albicans and C. tropicalis showed a fairly good level of sensitivity to various antifungals. Biofilm formation was observed in 91.8% of bacterial and in all Candida isolates. SEM examination of urinary catheter segments and tips revealed biofilm structures and microbial morphologies consistent with urine culture findings.

CONCLUSION: E. coli, A. baumannii, and C. albicans were the predominant CAUTI pathogens. Most isolates exhibited biofilm-forming ability. Although bacteria showed high antibiotic resistance, yeasts remained relatively susceptible to antifungals.},
}

@article {pmid42466572,
year = {2026},
author = {Liang, Y and Sun, L and Yan, K},
title = {Adaptation to Sublethal Sodium Hypochlorite Enhanced Biofilm Formation of Salmonella Enteritidis on Food-Contact Surfaces.},
journal = {Foodborne pathogens and disease},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {15353141261469731},
doi = {10.1177/15353141261469731},
pmid = {42466572},
issn = {1556-7125},
abstract = {Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is a widely used disinfectant in food processing to control foodborne pathogens. However, exposure to sublethal concentrations of NaClO may induce adaptive responses in bacteria, potentially affecting their persistence on food-contact surfaces. In this study, the effects of adaptation to sublethal NaClO on the biofilm-forming characteristics of Salmonella Enteritidis and the underlying regulatory mechanisms were investigated. NaClO-adapted cells exhibited significantly increased biofilm biomass on stainless steel 304 and glass compared with non-adapted cells. Compositional analysis of the biofilm matrix revealed that 48-h biofilms of NaClO-adapted cells contained higher levels of extracellular proteins, carbohydrates, and extracellular DNA (eDNA). Furthermore, adaptation to NaClO resulted in a significant reduction in motility, with swimming diameter decreasing from 7.73 ± 0.37 cm to 3.45 ± 0.42 cm. Additionally, NaClO-adapted cells exhibited enhanced cell surface hydrophobicity and a marked increase in auto-aggregation ability, with an auto-aggregation index of 39.12%, compared to 25.42% in non-adapted cells. Gene expression analysis revealed that adaptation to NaClO significantly upregulated key biofilm-related genes, including the biofilm master regulator csgD, cellulose synthase bcsA, global regulator csrA and quorum sensing luxS. In contrast, the flagellar biosynthesis gene fliA was significantly downregulated in NaClO-adapted cells, which was consistent with the observed reduction in motility. This study highlights the unintended risks related to improper NaClO application and provides critical insights for optimizing disinfection strategies to mitigate the persistence of biofilm-forming Salmonella Enteritidis and improve food safety.},
}

@article {pmid42466856,
year = {2026},
author = {Herishko, MA and Zurier, HS and Banta, S},
title = {Identification and characterization of quorum-quenching enzyme AiiF from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and its application for biofilm disruption.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0075826},
doi = {10.1128/aem.00758-26},
pmid = {42466856},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {Quorum sensing-induced functions, including biofilm formation, can greatly influence biotechnology applications, including industrial metal bioleaching processes. Biofilm formation by the acidophilic chemolithoautotrophs Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans is a key factor affecting mineral attachment and leaching efficiency, and is mediated by N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum-sensing systems. Here, we identified an AHL lactonase gene native to A. ferrooxidans strains TFBk and BY-3, termed AiiF, which suppresses AHL-dependent quorum sensing. The kinetic parameters of AHL degradation by AiiF recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli were obtained and represent a relatively slow reaction (Km of 3.5 ± 2.2 mM and kcat of 0.15 ± 0.04 [Formula: see text]), where the high Km value is similar to its closest relative, AiiA. AHL docking simulations and in vivo biosensor data suggest that AiiF is mechanistically promiscuous and exhibits broad substrate specificity. Exogenous addition of AiiF disrupted biofilm formation in laboratory strains of both A. ferrooxidans and A. thiooxidans. Overexpression of recombinant AiiF in A. thiooxidans demonstrated that quorum quenching can reduce biofilm formation and influence growth behavior on a sulfur substrate.IMPORTANCEBiomining of critical materials with metal sulfide-oxidizing bacteria can reduce costs and environmental impacts. The relationship between biofilm formation and bioleaching efficiency is complex, with different mineral systems being enhanced or inhibited by biofilm formation. We identified and characterized a new lactonase enzyme native to Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, AiiF, that can degrade N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) autoinducers. This enzyme can reduce biofilm formation in bioleaching microbes, and this activity may be leveraged to enhance future biomining activities.},
}

@article {pmid42454920,
year = {2026},
author = {Soból, P and Kęsek, W and Kirzyc, M and Podsiadły, E and Obrębski, M and Skowrońska, W and Piwowarski, JP and Równicki, M},
title = {Types I, II, V, and VI secretion system genes in clinical uropathogenic Escherichia coli associate with antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm formation, and persister cells.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0028626},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.00286-26},
pmid = {42454920},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) often causes recurrent urinary tract infections, where biofilms and persister cells can promote recalcitrance. This study evaluated whether secretion-system marker genes associate with antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation, and biofilm-associated persistence in clinical urinary isolates. A total of 71 isolates were screened by PCR for fimH and markers of secretion systems: type I (hlyA), type II (gspD), type V (ag43), and type VI (hcp). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were measured by Etest, biofilm biomass by crystal violet assay, and persister survival in strong biofilm producers after antibiotic challenge. fimH was detected in 91.5% isolates; gspD and ag43 were common (71.8% and 80.3%), while hlyA and hcp occurred in 32.4% and 46.5%. Marker co-occurrence was frequent, with 19.7% carrying all four secretion markers, and 8.5% with no secretion markers detected. A total of 81.7% isolates formed biofilm, including 18.3% strong producers. Individual marker prevalence did not differ across biofilm categories. Carriage of hlyA and hcp was associated with lower MIC distributions for selected antibiotics (including fosfomycin, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin-sulbactam), whereas gspD and ag43 showed no consistent MIC associations. The biofilm category was linked to non-susceptibility to ampicillin-sulbactam, but not the other agents tested. Strong biofilm producers showed biphasic killing consistent with persister formation, and hcp carriage tended to align with higher ciprofloxacin survival. These findings map secretion-system markers in clinical UPEC and suggest that a type VI secretion system may track with biofilm-associated persistence.IMPORTANCERecurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) often relapse after antibiotic treatment because bacteria can generate persister cells-temporary survivors that tolerate antibiotics without being genetically resistant. Clinicians, therefore, lack markers that flag isolates likely to persist. In 71 clinical urinary Escherichia coli isolates, this study surveyed genes encoding several secretion systems, molecular machines that help bacteria interact with each other and with host tissues. These markers were widespread and frequently co-occurred, but they did not track with stronger biofilm formation. However, a type VI secretion system marker (hcp) was associated with higher survival during ciprofloxacin exposure in strong-biofilm isolates, linking virulence-associated machinery with biofilm-associated persistence. Genetic signatures that reflect persistence, rather than routine resistance, could help prioritize follow-up testing and support development of strategies that target hard-to-eradicate rUTI infections.},
}

@article {pmid42455397,
year = {2026},
author = {Kashi, M and Haghighi, H and Aslani, A and Chegini, Z and Shariati, A and Farahani, A},
title = {Emerging hypervirulent and extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae with potent biofilm formation as a new clinical challenge.},
journal = {Molecular biology reports},
volume = {53},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42455397},
issn = {1573-4978},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae/pathogenicity/genetics/drug effects/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods ; *Klebsiella Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Virulence/genetics ; Iran ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; },
abstract = {Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae strains (hvKp) can induce invasive community-acquired infections in healthy individuals. A total of 71 K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained from patients admitted to teaching hospitals in Arak, Iran. The hypermucoviscous phenotype was assessed using the string test. The presumptive hvKp strains were identified by the iucA gene and screened for capsular genes (K1, K2, K5, K20, K54, K57) and virulence factors (rmpA, rmpA2, iroB, peg-344). Antimicrobial susceptibility and colistin broth disk elution were also conducted. The biofilm formation ability was evaluated using a microtiter plate assay. Of the isolates, 28.17% (20/71) were identified as presumptive hvKp. Among the 20 isolates, the K2 serotype was the most prevalent (35%), followed by K1 (25%) and K20 (20%). In addition, K54 and K57 serotypes were each identified in one isolate. The virulence gene rmpA2 was highly prevalent (80%), along with peg-344 (75%), iroB (70%), and rmpA (70%). Regarding antibiotic susceptibility, cefotaxime showed the weakest effect, with 100% resistance, followed by cefoxitin, ampicillin-sulbactam, meropenem, ceftazidime, and cefepime, each of which demonstrated a 90% resistance rate. Tetracycline and gentamicin were the most effective antibiotics, with susceptibility rates of 60% and 50%, respectively. Additionally, 30% (6/20) of isolates were confirmed as ESBL positive, and none exhibited resistance to colistin. Among isolates, 85% (17/20) were extensively drug-resistant (XDR). Moreover, 80% of presumptive hvKp isolates demonstrated biofilm formation capacity, with 20% showing strong biofilm formation. The emergence of biofilm-producing and XDR strains underscores the need for enhanced surveillance and effective infection control measures.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Klebsiella pneumoniae/pathogenicity/genetics/drug effects/isolation & purification
Humans
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods
*Klebsiella Infections/microbiology/drug therapy
*Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics
Virulence Factors/genetics
Virulence/genetics
Iran
Bacterial Proteins/genetics

@article {pmid42456858,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, YY and Chen, TT and Li, CM and Luo, BZ and Li, BH and Liu, Z and Chang, YQ and Xie, T and Guo, JL},
title = {Hexadentate 3-hydroxypyridin-4(1H)-ones as dual biofilm inhibition and dispersion agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa potentiate ciprofloxacin activity.},
journal = {Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters},
volume = {140},
number = {},
pages = {130735},
doi = {10.1016/j.bmcl.2026.130735},
pmid = {42456858},
issn = {1464-3405},
abstract = {Opportunistic Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) often causes complicated infections with the formation of biofilm, which contribute to its resistance to antibiotics. Quorum sensing (QS) inhibitors has been developed as an effective strategy to combat P. aeruginosa resistance by reducing bacterial biofilms. Herein, we report hexadentate 3-hydroxypyridin-4(1H)-ones with a tripodal backbone as dual-acting biofilm inhibition and dispersion agents against P. aeruginosa. Tris-3-hydroxypyridin-4(1H)-one 5 exhibited excellent iron-chelating ability, enabling them to potently restrict bacterial iron acquisition. 5 inhibited 58.3% biofilm formation, and dispersed bacterial mature biofilms, and reduced the production of virulence phenotypes. Mechanistic studies revealed that 5 prevented bacterial biofilm formation by suppressing the expression of pqsA, and reduced the production of pqs-regulated (pyocyanin) virulence with low cytotoxicity. Moreover, 5 showed obvious antibacterial synergy in combination with ciprofloxacin using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) infection models in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, these results highlight that 5 has potential for further development as an antimicrobial adjuvant to combat biofilm-associated infections.},
}

@article {pmid42456991,
year = {2026},
author = {Tomar, SS and Verma, N and Nigam, KDP},
title = {Efficient nitrate removal by photo-assisted microbial denitrification using FexOy/g-C3N4-biofilm hybrid in a coiled flow inverter.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {135420},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135420},
pmid = {42456991},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Nitrate contamination in aquatic systems poses serious environmental and public health challenge, necessitating efficient and sustainable denitrification technologies. In this study, a photo-assisted microbial denitrification system was developed by integrating an S-scheme FexOy/g-CN (FCN) photocatalyst with an in situ grown microbial biofilm in a coiled flow inverter (CFI) reactor. The FCN heterojunction enhanced visible-light absorption and charge separation, enabling efficient generation of photoinduced electrons for microbial nitrate reduction. The biofilm matrix provided a protective microenvironment, facilitating extracellular electron transfer while suppressing reactive oxygen species through the hole-scavenging role of extracellular polymeric substances. The CFI reactor significantly improved mixing, mass transfer, and photon distribution, resulting in enhanced photocatalyst-biofilm interactions. Under optimized conditions, the FCN/biofilm system achieved ∼98% nitrate removal with high N2 selectivity and an approximately 2-fold increase in reaction rate compared to batch systems. Kinetic and mechanistic analyses revealed that photogenerated electrons promoted intracellular NADH regeneration, thereby accelerating enzymatic denitrification pathways. Response surface methodology was used to optimize key operating parameters and validate system performance. The system exhibited excellent stability over multiple cycles and achieved 76.9% nitrate removal in real wastewater. Overall, this study demonstrates an efficient remediation of nitrate from wastewater using a scalable, energy-efficient photo-microbial platform.},
}

@article {pmid42459003,
year = {2026},
author = {Mohapatra, A and Panigrahi, A and Pattanaik, S},
title = {Curcumin Liposomal Photodynamic Gel for Plaque Control: Physicochemistry, Singlet-oxygen Yield, and Biofilm Kill Curves - An In vitro Study.},
journal = {Annals of African medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.4103/aam.aam_125_26},
pmid = {42459003},
issn = {0975-5764},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Effective plaque control is essential for preventing caries and periodontal diseases. While curcumin-mediated photodynamic therapy has demonstrated antimicrobial efficacy, its clinical use is limited by poor solubility and bioavailability. This study evaluates a curcumin-loaded liposomal photodynamic gel for enhanced in vitro plaque control.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Curcumin was encapsulated in phosphatidylcholine-based liposomes and incorporated into a bioadhesive gel. Physicochemical properties, including particle size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency, were characterized. Singlet oxygen (1O2) generation was measured under blue light (450 nm) using the 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran assay. A multispecies oral biofilm model was established with Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei, Actinomyces viscosus, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Biofilms were treated with curcumin gel ± light, and bacterial viability was quantified.

RESULTS: The liposomal gel exhibited a mean particle size of ~ 250 nm, encapsulation efficiency of ~ 85%, and pH of ~ 6.8. Curcumin liposomal gel generated a higher 1O2 yield than free curcumin. Photodynamic treatment reduced viable biofilm bacteria by > 4 log10 CFU/ml, significantly more than control treatments.

CONCLUSION: Curcumin liposomal gel shows enhanced 1O2 production and potent photodynamic biofilm inactivation. This formulation may offer a novel adjunct for nonantibiotic plaque control.},
}

@article {pmid42460558,
year = {2026},
author = {Fan, L and Sun, F},
title = {Composition and function of biofilm microbial communities reveal high efficiency potential in carbohydrate metabolism in the mariculture.},
journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research},
volume = {94},
number = {1},
pages = {60-69},
pmid = {42460558},
issn = {0273-1223},
support = {ZDYF2021XDNY131//Key Research and Development Project of Hainan Province/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Bacteria/metabolism/genetics ; Citric Acid Cycle ; },
abstract = {Biofilms on composite carriers may contribute to organic matter transformation in mariculture effluents, but the taxa and carbon-metabolic functions underlying this process remain unclear. This study employed metagenomic sequencing and functional annotation to comprehensively analyze the microbial composition and metabolic potential involved in glycoside hydrolase (GH), glycolysis, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in biofilms, revealing the functional characteristics of microbial communities in carbon metabolism. The results showed high microbial diversity in various carbon metabolism pathways, with Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria, and Planctomycetota being the dominant phyla, and Flavobacteriales and Planctomycetales being the predominant orders across all metabolic pathways. Functional analysis indicated that key enzymes involved in polysaccharide hydrolysis, glycolysis, and the TCA cycle exhibited high abundance. Core functional genes included polysaccharide hydrolases (GH33, GH109), glycolytic enzymes (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase), and TCA cycle enzymes (succinate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase). These profiles suggest that carrier-associated biofilm communities harbor coordinated genetic potential for carbohydrate depolymerization and downstream central carbon metabolism in mariculture effluents. This study offers theoretical and practical guidance for developing efficient and sustainable biofilm-based wastewater treatment systems.},
}

*Biofilms
*Carbohydrate Metabolism
Bacteria/metabolism/genetics
Citric Acid Cycle

@article {pmid42460990,
year = {2026},
author = {Nwobodo, DC and Egbujor, MC and Kiprotich, S and Meijler, MM},
title = {Organosulfur Scaffolds as Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Modulators in Gram-Negative Bacteria.},
journal = {FEMS microbiology reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/femsre/fuag032},
pmid = {42460990},
issn = {1574-6976},
abstract = {Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-density-dependent communication system that coordinates bacterial virulence, biofilm formation, motility, and stress adaptation, making it a compelling target for antivirulence intervention. Due to the possibility of sulfonyl (-SO2-) and sulfinyl (-S=O-) functional groups to impart specific electronic and steric properties that can modulate bacterial signaling and receptor interactions, organosulfur compounds are increasingly gaining attention. This review highlights recent advances in the development of sulfonyl- and sulfinyl-containing organosulfur compounds as modulators of QS and biofilm formation in clinically relevant Gram-negative pathogens. Both natural and synthetic quorum-sensing inhibitors are considered, with activity directed toward LuxR-type regulators, diffusible signal factor (DSF)-mediated systems, and the Las/Rhl networks of Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio spp., Chromobacterium violaceum, and Xylella fastidiosa. Emphasis is placed on emerging structure-activity relationships and mechanistic insights derived from biochemical and computational studies. Key challenges, including resistance potential, pharmacological constraints, and delivery considerations, are also discussed. Together, we provide an integrated microbiological and medicinal chemistry perspective for the rational development of organosulfur-based strategies to attenuate QS-regulated pathogenicity.},
}

@article {pmid42461018,
year = {2026},
author = {Chirumbolo, JL and Hutsell, A and Kosovac, A and Ihemis, I and Whitford, MJ and Nguy, J and Wolf, RJ and Sarajlic, D and Hunter, T and Myntti, MF and Ellis, TN},
title = {Acid exposure induces adaptive resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae to combination treatment with antibiotics and biofilm-disrupting surgical lavage.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0024326},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.00243-26},
pmid = {42461018},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {Surgical irrigation solutions remove bacteria and disrupt biofilms to prevent nosocomial infections. This study evaluated the impact of combined treatment of a biofilm-disrupting lavage solution and antibiotic therapy. Bacteria treated with antibiotics and/or lavage were evaluated via broth microdilution and checkerboard assays. Staphylococcus aureus was strongly inhibited by all doses of surgical lavage, while combination treatments of Escherichia coli increased antibiotic susceptibility by more than 10-fold. However, combination treatments of Klebsiella pneumoniae resulted in specific dose regimens with diluted lavage solution that eliminated the bacteriostatic effect, such that significant bacterial growth occurred at 4× minimum inhibitory concentration treatments. This effect was observed across multiple strains of K. pneumoniae and multiple classes of antibiotics. Analysis of the individual components of the lavage solution revealed this to be a pH-related effect. Klebsiella grown in pH 4.5 media replicated the observed increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) without the addition of the other lavage components. This adaptive resistance response was correlated with activated stress responses, alterations in membrane polarization, and altered transcription of outer membrane porins. Transcription of ompA and lpp, which stabilize the outer membrane, was upregulated, while transcription of the alternative maltoporin lamB was halted. Deletion of the iroA siderophore also enhanced growth in bacteriostatic concentrations of antibiotics at low pH. Together, these data strongly suggest that Klebsiella has a distinct ability to mount a rapid adaptive response to an acidic environment via changes in membrane permeability, porin, and siderophore gene expression to enhance survival in the presence of both disinfecting agents and antibiotics.IMPORTANCEDisinfecting washes that disrupt biofilms are commonly used in hospital settings to prevent the establishment of bacterial infection. This study investigated how combined exposure to a biofilm-disrupting surgical wash and antibiotics affected bacterial susceptibility to these bacteriostatic agents. While the response to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was additive and fully bacteriostatic, we found specific combinations of antibiotic and diluted disinfecting agent that enhanced bacterial growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae, evidence of an adaptive resistance response. This response was found to be specific to Klebsiella, was initiated by a specific acidic pH range, and required altered transcription of major porins. These data indicate that Klebsiella can adapt to an acidic pH in ways that enhance resistance to both antibiotics and disinfectant agents. This adaptive response may be an important precursor to the evolution of fully resistant strains of Klebsiella via porin loss.},
}

@article {pmid42461034,
year = {2026},
author = {Anwer, R},
title = {Disruption of quorum sensing and biofilm formation by lawsone in gram-negative bacteria.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0118726},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.01187-26},
pmid = {42461034},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health threat, exacerbated by bacterial virulence mechanisms such as quorum sensing (QS) and biofilm formation, which enhance pathogenicity and reduce antibiotic susceptibility. Targeting QS offers a promising antivirulence strategy that may attenuate pathogenic traits without imposing selective pressure. In this study, lawsone was evaluated for anti-QS and antibiofilm activity against Chromobacterium violaceum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens. Lawsone significantly inhibited QS-regulated virulence factors, with reductions in violacein production in C. violaceum (90.62%) at 250 µg/mL (1.43 mM). There was also a reduction in pyocyanin and pyoverdin in P. aeruginosa (87.90% and 81.97%, respectively) and prodigiosin in S. marcescens (~83%) at 500 µg/mL (2.87 mM) lawsone. Additionally, lawsone suppressed protease and elastase activities, as well as rhamnolipid production in P. aeruginosa. Biofilm formation was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, reaching 84.28% in C. violaceum, 76.22% in P. aeruginosa, and 56.27% in S. marcescens at respective sub-MICs. Computational analyses supported these findings; docking showed stable binding of lawsone to QS regulators, including CviR (-7.8 kcal/mol), LasR (-8.5 kcal/mol), and SmaR (-7.7 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of these complexes, with root mean square deviation values of 0.200 ± 0.016 nm (CviR-lawsone), 0.238 ± 0.036 nm (LasR-lawsone), and 0.632 ± 0.061 nm (SmaR-lawsone). Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) calculations further demonstrated favorable binding. To my knowledge, this is the first study to systematically demonstrate the anti-QS and antibiofilm potential of lawsone across multiple clinically relevant gram-negative pathogens using an integrated experimental and computational approach. This work provides possible mechanistic insights into lawsone-QS regulator interactions, highlighting its potential as a broad-spectrum antivirulence agent targeting conserved QS systems.IMPORTANCEAntimicrobial resistance is a growing global threat, driven in part by bacterial virulence mechanisms such as quorum sensing (QS) and biofilm formation. Targeting QS offers an alternative strategy to reduce pathogenicity without promoting resistance. This study shows that lawsone effectively inhibits QS-regulated virulence factors and biofilm formation in gram-negative pathogens, like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, and Chromobacterium violaceum. These findings highlight lawsone as a promising antivirulence agent that could complement existing therapies for managing biofilm-associated and drug-resistant infections.},
}

@article {pmid42461042,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhao, F and Niman, CM and Chavez, MS and Atkinson, JT and Conley, BE and Gralnick, JA and Boedicker, JQ and El-Naggar, MY},
title = {Light-directed biofilm formation reveals the functional contributions of periplasmic cytochromes to the electrochemical activity of Shewanella oneidensis.},
journal = {mBio},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0126426},
doi = {10.1128/mbio.01264-26},
pmid = {42461042},
issn = {2150-7511},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is a model electroactive bacterium whose extracellular electron transfer (EET) pathway includes a sequential network of c-type cytochromes that span the inner membrane, periplasm, and outer membrane. While electrochemical studies have revealed the critical role of outer-membrane cytochromes in mediating both outward EET from cells to external surfaces and lateral biofilm conduction across cells, the specific functional role of periplasmic cytochromes in these processes remains less understood. Dissecting the contributions of periplasmic components has been challenged by the complexity of the periplasmic cytochrome network and the variability of native biofilms, which confound electrochemical comparisons of cytochrome mutants. Here, we overcome these limitations with a synthetic biology approach combining targeted deletion of genes encoding key periplasmic cytochromes with light-induced biofilm patterning to create uniform, geometrically defined biofilms on electrodes for robust electrochemical comparisons. Voltammetric measurements of patterned S. oneidensis mutant biofilms confirmed the essential role of periplasmic cytochromes in facilitating outward EET, a contribution that becomes apparent when flavins are present, accelerating interfacial electron transfer between outer-membrane cytochromes and the electrode. In contrast to this role in routing outward EET across the periplasm, electrochemical gating measurements of lateral biofilm conductivity revealed that the periplasmic cytochromes do not contribute to long-distance electron transport along cellular layers bridging electrodes. These findings provide new insights into the role of periplasmic cytochromes in S. oneidensis, highlighting a robust functional redundancy within the periplasmic network, and distinguish their contributions to routing outward EET across the cell envelope versus biofilm conductivity.

IMPORTANCE: Microbes capable of extracellular electron transfer (EET) are central to global biogeochemical cycles and emerging bioelectrochemical technologies. In the important model EET bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, the outer-membrane components that interface with external surfaces are well characterized. However, the functional role of the periplasmic components linking the inner and outer membranes has remained obscured by the complex network of multiple cytochromes and biofilm heterogeneity, limiting precise comparisons across mutants. By combining light-induced biofilm patterning with electrochemical analysis, we successfully revealed the specific contributions of periplasmic cytochromes: these components are essential for facilitating outward EET across the cell envelope but do not impact lateral long-distance electron transport across the biofilm. The results refine our understanding of extracellular respiration and provide design rules for engineering living electronic materials.},
}

@article {pmid42461404,
year = {2026},
author = {Gandomi, S and Ashrafi, F and Heidari, P and Namvar, Z},
title = {Enhanced antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of PEGylated niosomes co-loaded with nisin and ZnO nanoparticles against VRSA and ceftazidime-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {208},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42461404},
issn = {1432-072X},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Zinc Oxide/chemistry/pharmacology ; Liposomes/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Ceftazidime/pharmacology ; Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry ; Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Nisin/pharmacology/chemistry ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; },
abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and biofilm-associated infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens, particularly vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ceftazidime-resistant), pose serious healthcare challenges. This study aimed to develop PEGylated niosomes co-loaded with nisin (Nis) and biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (Nio-Nis/ZnO@PEG) to enhance antibacterial and anti-biofilm efficacy. The formulation was prepared using thin-film hydration followed by PEGylation and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Nio-Nis/ZnO@PEG exhibited high encapsulation efficiency, sustained-release kinetics, and good physicochemical stability. Antibacterial activity and anti-biofilm effects were evaluated using standard microbiological assays. The PEGylated formulation showed significantly lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)/minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values, larger inhibition zones, and sustained bactericidal activity against VRSA and ceftazidime-resistant P. aeruginosa compared to free agents or non-PEGylated niosomes (P < 0.001). Anti-biofilm assays demonstrated > 80% biomass reduction and the lowest minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) values across clinical and reference strains. The quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed marked downregulation of all target genes. Cytotoxicity assays using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2 H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay confirmed minimal adverse effects on mammalian cells. Overall, PEGylated niosomal co-delivery of Nis and ZnO nanoparticles provides a potent, broad-spectrum, and biocompatible strategy to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria and disrupt biofilms, supporting its potential for further in vivo evaluation.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
*Zinc Oxide/chemistry/pharmacology
Liposomes/chemistry
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Ceftazidime/pharmacology
Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry
Nanoparticles/chemistry
*Nisin/pharmacology/chemistry
Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial